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SYNTAX The part of…
SYNTAX The part of grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of sentences and their structure
1- WHAT THE SYNTAX RULES DO
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1- Conbine words into phrases and phrases into sentences.
2- Specify the correct word order for a languaje
3- Describe the relationship between the meaning of a group of words and the arragement of the words.
4- Specify the grammatical relations of a sentence such as the subject and direct objet.
5- Specify constraints on sentences based on the verb of the sentence.
6- Tall us how words form groups and are hierarchically ordered in a sentence.
2- WHAT GRAMMATICALITY IS NOT BASED ON
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Is not based in meaningfulness
In not based in truthfulness
GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
Attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form a grammatical sentence.
3- SYNTAX STRUCTURES
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Grammar will have a finite number of rules but will generate infinite number of well formed structures.
Deep structure:
An abstract level of structural organization.
Surface Structure:
It refers to the sentence as it is pronounced or written.
4- STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY
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Distinct underlying interpresentations that have to be represented differently in deep estructure.
A sentence can have more than one meaning
E.g. The boy saw the man with the telescope
. so each meaning can be represented by a different phrase structure
5- SENTENCE STRUCTURE
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Sentences can be separated into several groups.
TREE DIAGRAM
Can be used to show the hierarchy of the sentences
CONSTITUENTS AND CONTITUENCY TEST.
1- Stand alone test.
2- Replacement
3- Move as an unit
Pasive
Clefting
Preposing
Note
: Every sentence has at least one constituent structure if a sentence has mores; then, it is ambiguous.
6- SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES.
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Is a family of expressions that can subtitute for one another without loss of grammatically.
Phrasal Categories
Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Adjetive Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Functional Categories
Auxiliary
Determiners
Lexical Categories.
Noun
Verb
Preposition
Adjetive
Adverb.
7- TREE DIAGRAM
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Provides us visual representation of the constituents of the corresponding expression.
A phrase Estructure Tree:
Is a tree diagram with syntactic category information.
Node
: Immediately dominates the categories below it. (Eg. S=sentence)
Sister:
Categories immediately dominated by the same node. (Eg. V and NP are sisters)
PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES:
Specify the well fored structures of asentence.
Specify the well-formed structures of a sentence.
S = NP + VP
NP = Det + N
VP = V + NP
V + PP
V + CP
V
PP = P + NP
CP = C + S
9- HEADS AND COMPLEMENTS
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Phrase structure tree also show the relationchip among the elements
HEAD:
A Noun headS a NP
A Verb heads a VP
COMPLEMENT:
Every phrase has a head, but may or may not take a complement or sister.
(Eg. VP may be V+NP or just a Verb.)
WHAT HEADS THE SENTENCE:
Auxiliary Verbs: will, has, is and modals head a sentence.
Sentences whitout auxiliarty take the tense as the head.
8- THE INFINITY OF LANGUAGE RECURSIVE RULES.
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Recursive rules:
are rules in which a phrasal category can contain itself.
(E.g. PP containing a NP or CP containing a S)
Adjetives
(Inteligent handsone man)
Possessives.
(The girl's dress)
By: Teresa Palacios