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Female Elderly Blood in Urine (Osteoporosis (Poor Balance of PO4 and Ca…
Female
Elderly
Blood in Urine
Osteoporosis
Poor Balance of PO4 and Ca reabsorption and secretion at the PCT, DCT, CT and CD
Chronic Type II
Diabetes Mellitus
Glycosuria
High Blood Pressure
Proteinuria
Anatomy of the Urinary System
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
General Functions of the Urinary System
Filter Blood
Convert Filtrate into Urine
Formation of Calcitriol
Production and Release of Erythropoiethin
Potential in Engage in Gluconeogenesis
Structure of a Nephron
Efferent Arteriole
Afferent Arteriole
Vascular Pole =
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Corpuscle =
Glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule
Glomerular Space
Tubular Pole
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Descending Limb =
Thick Segment
Thin Segment
Ascending Limb =
Thin Segment
Thin Segment
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Glomerular Filtration
Filtrate =
Water
Glucose
Amino Acids
Ions
Urea
Some Hormones
Vitamins B and C
Ketones
Small Proteins
Tubule Reabsorption
Complete Tubule Reabsorption =
Nutrients =
Glucose 100% PCT
Protein (transported) PCT
Regulated Reabsorption =
Sodium =
65% PCT
25% Nephron Loop
0-2% in DCT,CT and CD
Water =
65% obligatory in PCT
10% Nephron Loop
Regulated (facultative) in CT or CD
Potassium =
60-80% in PCT
10-20% in Nephron Loop
Type A intercalated cells continuously
regulated in CT
Calcium and Phosphate =
PTH inhibits PO4 in PCT
PTH stimulates Ca in DCT
Increased PO4 in Urine
Bicarbonate and Hydrogen Ions =
80-90% HCO3 in PCT
10-20% HCO3 in Nephron Loop
Regulated HCO3 and H+ in DCT,CT and CD
Tubule Secretion
Drugs and Nitorgenous Waste in PCT
Potassium secreted into tubular fluid dependent upon intercalated and principal cells in DCT, CT and CD
Type A cells secrete Hydrogen in DCT, CT and CD
Type B cells secrete Bicarbonate in DCT, CT and CD
Osteoporosis
= means
porous bones
, is a disease that decreases bone mass and leads to weakened bones that are prone to fracture
=> The occurence of
Osteoporosis
is greatest among elderly caucasian women, and the severity is linked to both age and onset menopause
Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic condition marked by inadequate uptake of glucose by the blood.
Excess glucose may be filtered into urine
Chronically elevated glycemia will damage blood vessels, specially arterioles.
Leading cause of retinal blindness, kidney failure and nontraumatic leg amputation in the US
Type II
Insulin-Dependent-Diabetes-Mellitus (IDDMII)
Decreased insulin release from beta cells of the pancreatic islets or decreased insulin effectiveness at peripheral tissues
Hypertension
= High blood pressure is when your blood pressure, the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels is consistently too high.
It can damage blood vessels and lead to cardiovascular disease.
It can also cause stroke, vision loss, heart failure, kidney disease/failure and sexual disfunction
Weight
Estrogen Levels
High Blood Pressure
Proteinuria
Heart failure
Stroke
Vision loss
Sexual Disfunction
Kidney Failure
Osteoporosis
Imbalance of PO4 and Ca reabsorption and secretion at the PCT, DCT, CT and CD
Hypersecretion of PTH =
Increase levels of PO4 in the body
PO4 binds to Ca decreasing blood levels
PO4 and Ca can narrow blood vessels
Heart disease and Stroke
Blood in Urine
Erythrocytes passing through at the Glomerulus
Nephrons of the kidneys compromised
Diabetes Mellitus II
Glycosuria
Retinal blindness
Kidney Disease/Failure
Cardiovascular Disease
Nontraumatic leg amputation
Hypertension
+
Diabetes Mellitus II
+
Osteoporosis
Kidneys Overworking = Faster rate of failure
Higher chances of Heart disease or Stroke
Blindness will occur
Kidney Failure =
Dialysis
Heart Failure =
Heart Attack
Stroke
DEATH
If Nothing changes...