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Enzymes (Extracellular enzymes (Human digestive system (Amylase (Produced…

- - - - Enzymes digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
        
        Products are absorbed into the fungal hyphae for use in
        
        Respiration
        
        Growth
  - - - Extracellularly digest large molecules
        
        Products are then absorbed via the epithelial cells of the gut wall into the bloodstream
        
        Used for
        
        Respiration
        
        Growth
    - - Produced in the salivary glands
        
        Acts in the mouth to digest
        
        Starch
        
        Maltose
      - Produced in the pancreas
        
        Acts in the lumen of the small intestine to digest
    - - Made in the pancreas
        
        Acts on the lumen of the small intestine to digest
        
        Proteins
        
        Smaller peptides
- - - - Complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule
      - Each type of enzyme is highly specific in its function
        
        Can only catalyse a reaction involving the specific substrate molecule that fits into the active site
  - - - A metabolic disorder is caused
    - - Collagen in bone
      - Cartilage
      - Blood vessel walls
      - Joints
      - Connective tissue
- - - - Produces a specific product
    - - Metabolites
    - - Energy used to synthesise larger molecules from smaller molecules
    - - Energy is released as metabolites are broken down into smaller molecules
  - - - Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into
        
        Water
        
        Oxygen
      - 4 polypeptide chains
        
        contains a ham group with iron
      - Eukaryotic cells
        
        Catalase is found in peroxisomes
        
        Catalase is used to kill invading microbes by white blood cells
- - - - A cofactor that is permanently bound by covalent bonds to an enzyme
      - Carbonic anhydrase
        
        Contains a zinc ion permanently bound to its active site
        
        Found in erythrocytes
        
        Red blood cells
        
        Catalyses the interconversion of CO2 to H2O and HCO3 (carbonic acid)
        
        Enables CO2 to be carried in the blood from respiring tissues to the lungs
    - - Small organic non-protein molecules
        
        Binds temporarily to the active site
        
        Before the substrate binds
        
        At the same time as the substrate binds
        
        They are chemically changed during the reaction
        
        Need to be recycled to their original state
    - - There are ions that are not permanently bound to the enzyme
        
        The ion can bind to either the substrate or the enzyme
        
        May ease the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
        
        Increases rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions
      - Some cofactors act as co-substrates
        
        Co-factor and the substrate together form the shape to bind to the active site
      - Some co-factors can change the charge distribution on either
        
        The surface of the substrate molecule
        
        Make the temporary bonds in the enzyme-substrate complex easier to form
        
        The surface of the enzyme's active site
      - Amylase
        
        Digests starch to maltose
        
        Only function if chloride ions are present