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An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type 2…

- - - - Left and right kidney
        
        Kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space
        
        The outer region of kidney's parenchyma is called the renal cortex
        
        The inner region of the kidney's parenchyma is called the renal madulla
        
        Extensions of the cortex that project into the medulla are called renal columns
        
        Subdivisions of the renal columns are called pyramids
        
        The portion of the kidney where the external edge of the medulla meets the cortex is called the corticomedullary junction
        
        Medial tip of the renal pyramid is called the renal papilla
      - Two symetrical, beans-shapped
      - Each kidney has a hilum
      - Kidney's fibrous capsule, composed of dense irregular connective tissue ...
      - An adipose connective tissue layer that provide cushioning to kidneys
      - The dense irregular connective tissue layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures is called renal fascia
      - The outermost layer of the kidney, composed of adipose connective tissue that provides cushioning to the kidney is called the paranephric fat layer
  - - - Kidneys
        
        Filter blood, remove waste products, and convert filtrate into urine
        
        Syntrhesize the final enzyme in calcitriol formation, a hormone that stimulates the red bone marrow to increase
        
        Respond to low oxygen levels, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to increase erythrocyte formation
        
        the kidneys regulate Na+,K+, Ca2+, and Phosphate
        
        Regulate blood pressure by controlling fluid volume through urine loss and by releasing renin.
        
        Kidneys may engage in gluconegenesis in attempt to maintain normal glucose levels in conditions of nutrient deprivation.
      - ureters
        
        A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
      - Urinary bladder
        
        Body's storage tank for urine
      - Urethra
        
        A tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body
  - - - Cortical nephrons
        
        Are oriented with their renal corpuscles near the peripheral edge of the cortex and have a relatively short nephron loop that barley penetrates the medulla
      - Juxtamedullary nephron
        
        Their renal corpuscles lie adjacent to the corticomedullary junction, and have their relatively long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla.
  - - - Is a chronic disease. It is characterized by high level of sugar in the blood.
      - Extra weight
      - Body's resistance to insulin
    - - Bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. As result, bones become weak and may break from a fall or, serious cases, from sneezing or minor bumps.
    - - Occurs when your blood pressure increases to unhealthy levels. Blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.