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Level 4 (Human Physiology (Blood (Composition and physical characteristics…

- - - - Stages
      - Systole and diastole
      - Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation
  - - - Carbohydrates
        
        Monosacharides
      - Fat
        
        Fatty acids and glycerol
      - Protein
        
        Amino acids
- - - - Nutrients DRV's
      - Food DRV's
    - - Evaluating dietary intake for balance
      - Energy balance
        
        Positive energy balance
        
        Gain of body fat
        
        Negative energy balance
        
        Loss of body fat
      - Fluid balance #
      - Nitrogen balance #
      - Daily energy expenditure
        
        Thermic effect of food (10%)
        
        Thermic effect of physical activity (15-30%)
        
        Resting metabolic rate (60-75%)
  - - - Triglycerides
        
        3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
      - Saturated fat
      - Unsaturated fat
    - - Amino acids #
        
        Essential amino acids
        
        Get them from your diet
        
        Lysine
        
        Methionine
        
        Valine
        
        Phenylalanine #
        
        Threonine
        
        Tryptophan
        
        Isoleucine
        
        Leucine
        
        Histidine
        
        Non essential amino acids
        
        Synthesised by the body
        
        Tyrosine
        
        Alanine
        
        Arginine
        
        Asparagine
        
        Aspartic acid
        
        Cysteine
        
        Cystine
        
        Glutamic acid
        
        Serine
        
        Proline
        
        Glycine
        
        Glutamin
        
        Hrdroxyproline
    - - Simple carbohydrates
        
        Disaccharide
        
        Sucrose
        
        Maltose
        
        Lactose
        
        Monosaccharide
        
        Galactose
        
        Fructose
        
        Glucose
      - Complex carbohydrates polysaccharide
        
        Glycogen
        
        Starch
        
        Amylose
        
        Amylopectin
        
        Fibres
        
        Soluble fibre
        
        Insoluble fibre
  - - - Yields energy
    - - Requires energy
- - - - Link between DNA, mRNA and proteins
      - Difference between protein sequence, structure and function
  - - - Ionic
      - Covalent
  - - - Purines
      - Pyrimidines
      - Nucleosides and nucleotides
    - - DNA
      - RNA
- - - - Exercise and energy expenditure
      - Factors effecting energy expenditure
        
        Resting metabolism rate (60-75%)
        
        Thermic effect of food (15-30%)
        
        Thermic effect of physical activity (10%)
    - - How much energy is in our food
        
        Bomb calorimete
      - Where does our energy come from
        
        Metabolic breakdown
        
        Substrate specific
        
        Beta-oxidation
        
        De-amination
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Aerobic #
        
        Anaerobic
        
        Non-substrate specific
        
        Krebs cycle
        
        Electron transport chain
      - What is energy
        
        ATP
    - - Catabolism
      - Anabolism
  - - - Short term
    - - Long term
- - - - Mode
      - Mean
      - Median
      - Dispersion measures
        
        Range
        
        Quartiles
        
        Standard deviation
  - - - Null hypothesis
- - - - Transcription
      - Translation
  - - - Mitosis
      - Meiosis
- - - - Assess food and nutrient intake across a variety of settings
        
        Food Frequency Questionnaire
        
        Assess habitual diet
        
        Derive Dietary Patterns
        #
        
        Allows more holistic investigation of relationships between diet and health outcomes
        
        Monitor changes
        
        Nutritics
        
        Most precise way to assess food intake
        
        Allows estimation errors to be avoided
        
        Appropriate markers of nutritional status to evaluate nutritional requirements in altered health states; diseases of excess and deficiency #
        
        Food diary
        
        Diet History
        
        Interview #
        
        24 hour recall
    - - SPSS software # #
        
        SPSS can be used to test for differences
        
        Manipulate data
        
        Allows you to detect errors done by patients or students when collecting and coding nutritional data #
      - Excel
    - - Availability of Food is Key #
        
        Nutrient rich recipe at an affordable price
    - - Manipulation of Food to Develop Diet
        
        Look at packaging before you eat
    - - Chose the appropriate Dietary Reference Value to suit your need #
        
        Recommended Nutrient Intake
        
        Lower Reference Nutrient Intake
        
        Estimated Average Requirement
        
        Safe upper limit
    - - Food Safety and Environmental Health #
        
        Food Irradiation
        
        Can Eliminate Diseases
        
        Prolong Shelf Life
      - Genetic Modification/ Food Fortification
        
        Genetically Modified Food
        
        Altering an organism's DNA
        
        Improves Quality of Food
      - The Tailored Food Recipe Concept #
        
        Nutrient-rich recipes that can be produced at low cost, using locally available ingredients
      - Food Product Development and Reformulation
        
        Design a modified version of an original food product
    - - Evidence
      - Interpersonal
        
        Non-verbal
        
        Verbal
  - - - Changing Patterns of Diet and Disease #
      - Nutrition in Older People
        
        Difficulties in food selection and preparation
        
        Decreased income
        
        Physical disability
        
        Inadequate cooking facilities
        
        Ageing anorexia
        
        Leads to malnutrition #
      - Vitamin D #
        
        Chronic diseases associated with Vitamin D deficiency
        
        Cardiovascular disease
        
        Cancer #
        
        Depression
        
        Multiple Sclerosis
        
        Type 2 diabetes #
        
        Weight loss
      - Iron in Health and Performance
        
        Iron Deficiency #
        
        Anaemia
        
        Too much iron
        
        Haemochromatosis
      - Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation #
        
        Mineral and Vitamins needed # # #
        
        Calcium
        
        Iron and iodine
        
        Folate
        
        Iron #
        
        Vitamin A and D #
      - Non-nutritive substances
        
        Blocks absorption of nutrients
      - Malnutrition and Infectious Diseases # # #
        
        Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients
      - Protein in Health and Disease
        
        Excess protein
        
        Cancer
        
        Failure of Kidney Function
        
        Protein Deficiency #
        
        Fever
        
        Trauma
        
        Infections
    - - Physiological control of eating
        
        Obesity #
        
        The endocrine system impacts physiologic control of eating
        
        Nervous system
        
        Endocrine system
    - - Health and Wellbeing #
        
        Health is the state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
        
        Disease
        
        Sickness
        
        Illness
        
        Psychological Concept # #
        
        Health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors # #
      - Epidemiology the Basics of Different Study Designs # # #
        
        Case-control studies
        
        Cohort studies
        
        Cross-sectional studies
        
        Randomised controlled trials
        
        Meta-analysis and systematic reviews #
    - - Abstract Writing
        
        Investigating the effects of intermittent energy restriction versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, weight loss management and cardio metabolic risk factors
    - - Fats
      - Carbohydrates
        
        Importance of carbohydrate becomes more critical as the amount and intensity of physical activity increases
        
        Physiologic effects #
        
        Effect on satiety
        
        Provision of enerfy
        
        Control of blood glucose and insulin metabolism
        #
        
        Cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism
  - - - Data analysis
        
        Statistics #
        
        Visualising Quantitative Data # #
        
        Categorical data
        
        Estimation
        
        Confidence Intervals
        
        Association, Correlation and Causation
        
        SPSS #
        
        Regression in SPSS
        
        The Change in the Mann-Whitney Test
        
        Test statistics and p-value
        
        The t-test
        
        The z-test
        
        The paired t-tes
        
        ANOVA
        
        Linear Regression
        
        Non-parametric test
        
        Parametric Test
    - - Data analysis
        
        Probability
        
        Experimental Design
        
        Variables
        
        Variability
        
        Populations and samples
        
        Inference and Reproducibility
        
        Survey Methods
        
        Collecting Data
        
        Outlines
        
        Tests for normality
        
        Binomial Distribution
    - - Literature Review #
        
        Impact Nutrition has on Obesity
    - - Reflective Portfolio # #
        
        Employability
        
        Skills Inventory
        
        Curriculum Vitae
        
        Cover Letter
        
        Netwroking
        
        Social Media Skills #
  - - - Anthropometric data collection and analyses
      - Testing for normality using SPSS
    - - Human Body Measurements
        
        Standing Height
        
        Recumbent length
        
        Weight
        
        Skinfold thicknesses
        
        Circumferences(head,waist,limb)
        
        Lengths and breadths (shoulder, wrist)
        
        Body Mass Index is an indirect measure of body fat
        
        Body Composition Measures Body Fat
    - - Investigating Energy in Food
      - Bomb Calorimeter #
        
        Used for measuring energy released in a combustion reaction
      - Estimating Energy Expenditure in Man # #
        
        Essential for
        
        Health and well-being #
        
        Energy requirements for physical activity #
        
        How?
        
        Using Heart Rate
        
        Direct Calorimetry
        
        Double labelled water
        
        Self reported physical activity
        
        Predictive Equations
    - - Assessing Physical Activity #
        
        Aerobic Capacity
        
        Anaerobic Capacity
    - - Human Skeletal Muscle Fibre
      - Grip Strength
      - Cross sectional study on muscle strength
    - - Scientific Report #
        
        Exploring ergogenic aids such as sports drinks #
        
        Fluid Balance and Sports Drinks
        
        Decrease in H2O results in dehydration
        
        Body Fluid Compartments
        
        Extracellular fluid
        
        Intracellular fluid
        
        Key
        
        Osmolality
        
        Osmolarity
        
        Osmole
        
        Sports Drinks purpose:
        
        Replace fluid, mineral loss and provide fuel carbohydrate for energy
        
        Strength and Power # # #
        
        Submaximal
        
        The body’s ability to perform work by aerobic metabolism
        
        Meal Comparison #
        
        Sports Drink #
      - Research and Scientific Method #
        
        Continuous learning cycle that provides the scientific community the opportunities to build logical ideas that are supported with scientific evidence
      - Research Approaches in Public Health Nutrition # # #
        
        Randomised Control Trials
        
        Surveys
        
        Interviews
        
        Focus Groups
        
        Planned discussion to obtain perceptions of a defined interest area
        
        Individuals with common characteristics
        
        Conducted by a trained interviewer
        
        Can be one or more
        
        Why?
        
        To collect qualitative data and explore roots and perceptions of others #
        
        Understanding Human Behaviour
        
        More naturalistic than one to one interviews #
        
        Participatory Learning in Action
        
        Approach to Research
        
        Qualitative
        
        Supports interpretation, reflexivity and theory building
        
        Quantitative
    - - Networking
  - - - Carbohydrate Metabolism
        
        Glycolosis
        
        Glucose is a good source of energy
        
        Gluconeogenesis
        
        The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
      - Nitrogen Metabolism
        
        By enzyme complex nitrogenases
        
        Nitrogen Fixation Forms Ammonia
        
        Used for synthesis of amino acids #
      - Lipids #
        
        Fatty Acid Metabolism #
        
        β-Oxidation
        
        Fatty Acid Synthesis
        
        Fatty acyl synthase
      - Entire network of chemical reactions carried
        out in living cells
        
        Anabolism
        
        Build things up
        
        Catabolism
        
        Break things up
      - Enzymes play a essential role in (nearly) all metabolic reactions #
      - Ketone Body Metabolism
    - - Amino Acids
        
        Primary
        
        Secondary
        
        Tertiary
        
        Quaternary
        
        Essential Amino Acids
    - - Enzyme Kinetics
        
        Enzyme Inhibition
        
        Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
        
        Help X-ray crystallographic studies
        
        Can give information on the mechanism of action
      - Enzyme Regulation
        
        Control enzyme concentration
        
        Control catalytic activity of enzyme molecules already present
    - - Membrane Proteins
        
        Transduce Extracellular Signals Intracellularly
      - Lipid Bilayer
    - - Fat Soluble
        
        Vitamin E
        
        Functions
        
        Cell signalling #
        
        Antioxidant
        
        Vitamin D
        
        Difficiency #
        
        Lack of UV irradiation
        
        Failure of absorption in the intestine
        
        Osteomalacia
        
        Vitamin A #
        
        Vitamin K
        
        Functions
        
        Metabolism Pathways
        
        Bone Mineralisation
        
        Cell growth
      - Water Soluble
        
        Vitamin B
        
        Vitamin C
    - - Complete oxidation of protein, fats and carbohydrates to CO2
      - Facilitating the production of ATP
      - Amphibolic Role #
      - Maintains Homeostais
    - - Calculating Km and Vmax Values #
    - - Diabetes type 2
        
        Obesity one of the causes
    - - Health defined as the absence of disease
  - - - Theories
        
        Theory of Reasoned Action
        
        Theory of Planned Behaviour
        
        Nudge Theory
        
        Leads to wiser choices by individuals
      - Models
        
        Health Belief Model #
        
        Transtheoretical Model
        
        Protection motivation theory
        
        Information-motivation behavioural skills
        
        EAST
        
        Easy
        
        Attractive
        
        Social
        
        Timely
        
        MIND SPACE
        
        Messanger
        
        Incentives
        
        Norms
        
        Defaults
        
        Salience
        
        Priming
        
        Affect
        
        Commitments
        
        Ego
      - Eat Well Plate
      - Food neophobia
      - Social Learning
      - Parental Attitude
      - The media
      - Associative Learning
      - Rewards
      - Values
    - - Physical Benefits #
      - Psychological Benefits
      - Predictors of Exercise
        
        Social Benefit # #
        
        Cost
        
        Self Efficacy
        
        Environment #
    - - Biomedical model
      - Biopsychosocial model
    - - New to some students and helps in future career
    - - Perceived stress
      - Physiological changes
      - Stress affects behaviour
        
        Smoking
        
        Addictive Behaviour
        
        Eating
        
        Alchohol consumption
      - Stress causes illness
    - - What people think about health
      - How they become ill and react to illness
      - Health Belief Systems
    - - Geographical
      - Social
      - Biological
      - Environmental # #
    - - Gender and diseases
      - Health access
      - Bias
      - Quality of Life
- - - - Professional development portfolio
        
        Skills
        
        Networking
        
        Short-courses
        
        Conferences
    - - Interplay of metabolism
        
        Lipoprotein metabolism, clinical relevance
        
        Lipoprotein, lipids and disease
        
        Clinical case studies
      - Normal physiological adaptations
      - Growth and nutrition throughout childhood
        
        World Health Organization growth charts
    - - To benefit immunity and improve disease states
    - - Management of cancer #
      - Management of diabetes and obesity
        
        DAFNE programme
        
        CHO counting
      - Management of renal, vascular, and bowel diseases
      - All with reference to the individuals behavioural, social, culture and ecological context
    - - Urea cycle and kidney disease #
      - Folic acid and human health
  - - - E-poster on public health nutrition challenge
        
        Pre-recorded presentation #
    - - Obesity
    - - Trends / patterns of statistics #
      - Aetiology #
      - Prevention and management
        
        Primary
        
        Secondary
        
        Tertiary
    - - Risk factors
      - Classification
      - Preventing and managing #
        
        Primary
        
        Secondary
        
        Screening in diabetes
        
        Self care and monitoring
    - - Epidemiology of stroke #
      - Modifiable and non modifiable risk factors
      - Diagnosis of stroke #
    - - Changing behaviour by giving food
      - Changing behaviour by #
        
        Health belief model
        
        Theory of reasoned action
        
        Transtheoretical model
        
        Social learning theory
    - - Supplements
      - Food fortification
      - Dietary diversification
    - - Iodised salt
      - Iodised oil by injection
      - Iodised oil by mouth
      - Assessment of iodine status #
        
        Goiter rate
        
        Urinary iodine excretion
        
        Blood thyroid stimulating hormone
    - - Ethical issues #
      - Government responsibility deal
      - Cancer epidemiology #
    - - Biological
      - Psychological
      - Economic
      - Social science
      - Policy interventions to influence food choice
    - - STH and transmission cycle
        
        Iron deficiency anaemia
      - Diarrhoea
  - - - Oral presentation
        
        Presentation skills #
      - Different types of Project Designs
    - - Prepares for professionalism
      - Professional development and careers #
    - - Project write up lectures
        
        Formatting
        
        Style
        
        Sections of write up covered
        
        Referencing
    - - SPSS
      - Referencing
      - Data analysis and analysis software
    - - Qualitative data
  - - - Challenges facing food and health in the world today
        
        Who and what are the causes of the challnges
        
        Challenges affect: #
        
        Access
        
        Availability
        
        Utilisation
        
        Sustainability of global and national food supplies
        
        Impact of challenges at international, national and local levels in terms of:
        
        Food secuirity
        
        Food chain from farm to fork
        
        Food environment and systems
        
        Gender, health and food security
        
        Food security interventions
        
        Agriculture
        
        Livelihood strategies
        
        Patterns of expenditure
        
        Sources of food
        
        Income generating activities
        
        Food trade and Brexit and implications
        
        Food insecurity in the UK
        
        Digitalisation and food security
        
        Equity
        
        Gender equity
        
        Safety and health
        
        Sustainability
        
        Sustainable development goals
      - Who is hungry
        
        How do we know
        
        Different approaches to measurements of food security
      - What can be done to address these challenges #
        
        To ensure equitable access to sustainable, safe and healthy food.
    - - Group work
        
        Concept note on a global challenge #
        
        Strategy
        
        10 minutes presentation
    - - Group debate on solutions using food and nutrition related issues
    - - Food poverty
      - Sustainable development goal 2- zero hunger
  - - - Purpose of clinical trials
        
        Testing if new test of treatment is safe (efficacy)
      - Historical aspects
        
        James Lind- first clinical trial experiment that showed that citrus fruits were a cure for scurvy
      - Different types of clinical trials
        
        Prevention trials
        
        Treatment trials
        
        Screening / Diagnostic trial # #
        
        Primary and surrogate endpoints
        
        Quality of life trials
      - Ethical aspects
        
        Informed consent
        
        Data safety and monitoring board
      - Stages of clinical trials
        
        Phase I
        
        Participants
        
        Phase II
        
        Design
        
        Phase III
        
        Large scale efficacy studies
        
        Phase IV
        
        Post marketing surveillance
      - Key concepts
        
        Placebos, randomization,
        single/double-blind studies, participants
      - Benefits and risk
        
        Drugs may have other unfavourable effects, apart from effect on surrogate. #
      - Drugs failures and trials disasters #
      - What happens after a clinical trial
    - - Advantage of MRI to measure body compositions over other methods
        
        Importance of using MRI to measure liver fat
        
        Detect liver inflammation
        
        Differentiate between NAFLD and NASH and fibrosis
      - Measures body composition
        
        Reflects health and disease staus
        
        Determines treatment #
        
        Predicts response
      - Thin outside fat inside
      - Study of muscle
      - Personalised medicine
      - Incidental findings
      - MRI outputs can be used as biomarkers #
      - Used for outcome endpoints in clinical trials #
      - Gestational diabetes
    - - Bacterial diagnosis
        
        Urine
        
        Blood sample
      - Microscopic observations of microbes
      - Biochemical tests
      - Epidemiology # #
      - Viral diagnosis
      - Molecular diagnostics
      - DNA damage diagnostics
    - - 10 minutes prerecorded presestation
        
        Named pathology
        
        Background
        
        Diagnostic procedure
        
        Clinical trial, medical device, regenerative medicine, personalised medicine #
        
        Advantages, limitations, risks, potential complications
    - - Sound waves - Ultrasound imaging
        
        Fetal monitoring during pregnancy #
      - Nuclear imaging
        
        Disease diagnosis, intervention and management
      - Ethical and patient considerations
      - Ionising radiation
        
        X-ray
        
        CT
        
        Nuclear medicine
      - Nuchal Translucency Scan
      - Positron emission tomography
    - - Blood glucose control
      - The scale of the problem
      - Type 1 diabetes mellitus
      - Type 2 diabetes mellitus
      - Endocrine and exocrine functions
      - Insulin synthesis and secretion
      - Diagnostic tests
      - Treatment
      - Adverse effects
    - - Pharmacogenetics
      - Drug response
        
        Individual
        
        Environmental
      - Drug metabolism
    - - Process
      - Ideal scaffold
        
        Natural
        
        Synthetic
        
        Hybrid
        
        Solvent casting
        
        Electrospinning
        
        3D printing
      - Cells
        
        Stem cells
        
        Primary
        
        Secondary
      - Growth factors
        
        In vitro test #
      - Culture medium
      - Applications
        
        Skin
        
        Liver
        
        Lungs
        
        Bladder
        
        Blood vessels
        
        Heart valves
    - - The diagnostic process
        
        In vitro #
        
        Blood samples
      - Sources of error
      - Reference Intervals
        
        Intra-individual variation
        
        Inter-individual variation
    - - Sensitivity
      - Specificity
      - Cancer diagnosis and prognosis
    - - Assessment of breast cancer
        
        Triple assessment
        
        Imaging
        
        Pathology
        
        Clinical #
    - - Nutrigenomics #
      - Nutrigenetics
      - Nutritional elements influencing gene expression
    - - Bench to bedside
      - In vitro and in vivo models
      - Clinical trials
    - - Cellular differentiation
        
        Mosaicism
      - Gene expression
      - DNA methylation
      - Histone acetylation
    - - Types of data sources
        
        Observational
        
        Descriptive
        
        Analytical
        
        Experimental
      - A public health approach
      - Calculating rates
      - Investigating an outbreak
    - - What influences the GUT microbiome
        
        Mode of birth
        
        Mode of feeding
        
        Introduction to solids
      - Role of gut in metabolism absorption and digestion
      - The use of fibre and antibiotics
    - - Etiology
      - Seizure types
        
        Epilepsy types
      - Aetiology # # #
        
        Genetic mutations
      - MRI #
    - - Normal ageing
      - Alzheimers disease
      - Vascular dementia