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Youth Involvement in Sport (Best Practices for Youth-Sport programs (When…
Youth Involvement in Sport
Objectives of Youth Sport- The 3 P's
Participation
Opportunity to be physically active
Can lead to improved health outcomes
Personal Development
Opportunity to develop life skills
cooperation, discipline, leadership, self-control
learn how to work together and learn regulation skills by having to participate in certain routines or drills
Performance
Learning and performance of motor skills
provides the foundation for future athletic development/skill
Outcomes Associated with Youth Sport
Psychological Development
Positive
decreased stress
increased life satisfaction and happiness
increased self-esteem
challenging experiences
Fun and enjoyable experiences
Negative
isolation from teammates
excess pressure
lowered confidence/self-esteem
burnout
lowered self-perceptions
Social Development
Positive
social mobility
ability to move throughout different places with different people in society
social status and success
positive intergroup and peer relationships
leadership skills
increased academic performance
enhanced adult career achievement
decreased delinquent behaviour
health compromising behaviour
Negative
Poor sportspersonship
respect for others involved in sport
Decreased moral reasoning
Assault
increased drinking
Aggression
Physical Health
Positive
decreased risk of chronic disease
adult physical activity
Muscular strength/endurance
Weight Control
Cardiovascular Fitness
Negative
Overuse injuries
Eating Disorders
Activities in youth sport
Deliberate Play
Monitored by children or adults involved
Process-experimentation perspective
Regulated by flexible rules from standardized sport rules
Minimal equipment required
Designed to maximize inherent enjoyment
Adaptable to any environment
Process-experimentation perspective
children less concerned with the outcome of the behaviour than with the actual behaviour
Deliberate Practice
generate no immediate reward
it improves the likelihood of success later
Motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than enjoyment
Activities that require effort
Behaviours motivated by a goal directed perspective
Types of Sport Involvement in Early Years
Early Sampling
Involvement in many sports
Experiences a variety of physical, cognitive, affective, and social environments
Multiple experiences can provide children with the skills required to specialize in one sport later
Participation in deliberate play
don't focus on achieving certain outcomes
just trying to find different activities which are of interest for a child
Early Specialization
Focuses on the outcome as opposed to the process
Usually early selection of "talented" kids
As early as 6 or 7 the focus is on performance
Increase in resources for a special group of athletes
Characterized by high volume of deliberate practice in one sport
Not always consistent with what we know about children & motivation
Costs
Reduced enjoyment
Parental expectation/pressures
lack of diverse experiences
Coaching expectations/pressures
dropout
burnout
Increased injury and reduced health
less personal development
Benefits
Sport specific skills learned
Self confidence in one sport
Developmental model of sport participation
Elite performance through sampling
Investment years
age 15-17
Activities
More deliberate practice
focus on one sport
Context
performance-oriented
Probable outcomes
age 18+
elite performance
enhanced physical and psychosocial health
Specializing years
age 13-15
Activities
Balanced play and practice
Reduction in multisports
Context
child-centered/sport-specific
Sampling years
age 6-12
Context
coach as sport helper
supportive parents
safe environment
focus on skills
challenge and learning
Activities
less deliberate practice
multipart involvement
more deliberate play
Elite performance through early specialization
Early specialization and investment
age 6-17
Activities
less deliberate play
focus on one sport
more deliberate practice
Context
coach as sport specialist
parents encouraging specialization
performance-oriented
Permanent Dropout
reduced physical health, reduced psychosocial and motor development
Probable outcomes
age 18+
reduced physical health
reduced enjoyment
Elite performance
Recreational participation through sampling
Recreational Years
age 13-17
Activities
less deliberate practice
fitness & health activities
more deliberate play
Context
safe environment
supportive relationships
challenge and learning experiences
Sampling Years
age 6-12
Activities
more deliberate play
less deliberate practice
multisport involvement
Context
supportive parents
safe environment
coach as sport helper
focus on skills
challenge and learning
Probable Outcomes
age 18+
Recreational participation
Enhanced physical health and psychological health
Postulates
sampling does not hinder elite sport participation in sports in which peak performance is reached after maturation
certain types to succeed you'd need to specialize very early
sampling is linked to a longer sport career and long-term sport involvement
Sampling allows for participation in a range of contexts that contribute to positive your development
high amounts of deliberate play during sampling years build intrinsic motivation through involvement in enjoyable activities
high amounts of deliberate play establishes a range of motor and cognitive experiences
around age 13, children should have the opportunity to choose to specialize in favourite sport or continue recreational sport
around age 16, adolescents have developed the physical, cognitive, social, emotional and motor skills needed to invest in highly specialized training in one sport
Best Practices for Youth-Sport programs
When athletes learn motor skills, allow them to learn through play activities and fun involvement
Children should be involved in sport for fun
Coaches should be careful about teaching motor skills through repetitive and boring drills
Opportunities to engage in fun and playful low organization games should be provided for young athletes
Children and adolescents do not understand competition the same way adults do
Organized competition and performance should not be emphasized during childhood
Children's motivation to remain in sport is strongly linked to the enjoyment and positive experience they have in sport
Focus on athletes' self-improvement as opposed to performance outcomes
focusing on self-improvement promotes motivation in athletes
task climate (TARGET)
Use sport as a way to enhance psychological and social development
Coaches and parents should used sport experiences to teach life skills
time management
hard work
team work
coping with failure
leadership skills
Attempt to include all children as opposed to selecting athletes based on their performance
Encouraging participation from all athletes leads to:
longer participation in sport
better elite performance in adulthood
less drop out
skill based sport programs usually have early selection of talented children and increased resources for selected athletes
excludes many youth from participating in sport
Note- progression is possible both vertical and horizontal
however, horizontal progression always leads to dropout
This model was developed to explain long term participation and performance in sport
Integrates the developing person in its environment with objective process and outcomes