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34-Year Old Male with AIDS (HIV (Symptoms (Night Sweats, Weight Loss, Oral…
34-Year Old Male with AIDS
Immune/Lymphatic System
Organs
Primary
Lymphoid Organs
Thymus
where
T cells
mature
Bone Marrow
where
B cells
mature
`Secondary
Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
Tonsils
Palatine
Largest
Mostly often infected
Lingual
Pharyngeal
also called
adenoids
Tubal
Lymph Nodes
Appendix
Peyer's Patches
Adaptive Immune System
Characteristics
Specific
recognizes
and
targets
specific antigens
Systemic
it is
not restricted
to a specific site
has
Memory
has a stronger army attack to already "known" antigens
second exposure
"OOOO I Remember this guy, he will be easy"
Third
Line of Defense
attacks particular and Identified foreign substances
Two Main Branches
Humoral Immunity
antibody-mediated
B Cells
Plasma cells
release
Antibodies
into blood
freely in the body fluids
Bind "
Temporarily
" to a target cell
mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement
Inactive
Active
Naturally Acquired
bacterial or viral
Infection
Contact with someone infected
Sneezing and Coughing
Artificially Aquired
Vaccine
dead or attenuated pathogens
have taken a pathogen and chemically changed it and injected it into you
B cells encounter antigens and produces antibodies against it
Passive
Naturally Acquired
antibodies are passed from the
mother to fetus
placenta
infant through
milk
breast milk
Artifically Aquired
Injection of a serum
Gamma Globulins
type of antibody that helps defend you immediately
are only temporary , it will fade away in time
getting antibodies from somebody else
Cellular Immunity
Cell-mediated
T Cells
lymphocytes act against Target cells
Directly
killing infected cells
Indirectly
release chemicals
like
"Cytokines"
to enhance an inflammatory response
activate other lymphocytes or macrophages
Cells
Two Types
Lymphocytes
B Cells
humoral
immunity
pathogens outside the cell
can't kill anything
Maturation
Bone marrow
Effector Cells
Plasma Cells
Targets
Extracellular pathogens
bacteria
fungi
parasites
viruses
T Cells
Cellular
Immunity
pathogens inside the cell
Maturation
Thymus
Effector Cells
Cytotoxic
Helper
Regulatory
Targets
Intracellular Pathogens
Virus Infected cells and cancer cells
both
originate
in the
red bone marrow
Educated
Immunocompetence
able to
recognize only one
specific antigen
one unique type of antigen receptor on the surface
so when mature it will bind to only one specific antigen
Self- tolerance
must be unresponsive to own an antigen
so it does not attack its own cells
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
like grads being sent out into the new world
(Lymph nodes, spleen, etc.)
naive
: not yet exposed to an antigen
Antigen encounter & Activation
First Encounter
with antigen
triggers lymphocytes to develop and turns into an Active cell
when its receptors bind its antigen
Proliferation and Differentiation
Cell activated
forms an
ARMY
referred as
"Clones"
multiply
Clones
Effector Cells
Fight infections
Soldiers
Memory Cells
respond to the same antigen more quickly the 2nd time
B and T memory cells and Effector cells circulate continuously
The nerds
mature in the
Primary Lymphoid organs
MAIN WARRIORS
Antigen-presenting Cells
(
APC's
)
do not respond to specific antigens
Function
carry a piece of the antigen on themselves and "present" it
engulf antigens
Major Types
Macrophages
CT
and Lymphoid organs
Activates T cells
and further actives the Macrophage
makes macrophage a killer too
"Hey I got one "
Dendritic Cells
epithelium
phagocytize pathogen in
skin/mucous
membranes
enter Lymphatics to present it to T-Cells in the Lymph Node
MOST Effective Antigen Presenter
B cells
present Antigen to
Helper T- Cell
in order for B cell to be activated
they clone and become
plasma cells
provokes humoral immune response
Function
engulfs antigen and places a piece of it on its receptor
goes and find a helper T cell
Activated
Effector cells multiply
1 more item...
clone cells that do not have plasma cells
1 more item...
Innate Immune System
First
line of Defense
Skin
&
Mucosa
Mucus (
Mucin
)
traps micro-organisms in
Digestive
and
Respiratory
Tract
Sticky mucus
Enzymes
Lysozymes
Saliva
Respiratory Mucus
Lacrimal Fluid in eyes
"Tears"
Stomach
Protein-Digesting enzyme
destroy bacteria
Defensins
antibacterial peptides
inhibits microbial growth
Acid
Skin
sweat and sebum
Keratin
resists against acids, bases and bacterial enzymes
Vaginal
stomach secretions
Acid Mantle
inhibits Bacterial growth
Second
Line of Defense
Antimicrobial proteins
enhances the Innate Defense
Interferons
show up when there is
Virus
produced my
Lymphocytes
Activates:
NK cells
&
Macrophages
Warn
healthy neighbor cells
Complement
plasma proteins that
circulate in the blood
in an inactive form
Innate and Adaptive defenses
shows up when we have a
bacteria
infection
STEPS
Tags a pathogen (
Opsonization
)
Calls paghocytic cells to area
Pokes a
hole
into the pathogen
Phagocytes
WBC that ingest and engulf (eat) foreign invaders
WBC's
Neutrophils
Most Abundant
Dies fighting
uses
Defensins*
to pierce the pathogen's membrane
First
ones to show up
makes
PUS
Macrophages
develop from cell called
Monocyte
2 Types
Free macrophages
wander through tissue spaces
Fixed macrophages
permanent residents of particular organs
Natural Killer Cells (
NK
)
police blood and lymph
kills
cancer
&
Virus- infected cells
before the Adaptive immune system is activated
"Poke"
the cell with
Perforin
& fill that cell with
Granzymes
the foreign or infected cell will go through
Apoptosis
secrete
Cytokines
enhances inflammatory response
Inflammation
Cells
Mast Cells
release histamine
WBC
Macrophages
Chemicals
Histamine
released by mast cells
are released into the
ECF
Cause Vasodilation & increase capillary leakage
Kinins
Prostaglandins
(PGs)
Cytokines
Complement
If bacteria is involved
all attract paghocytes to the area
4 Cardinal Signs
1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4.Pain
Responses to Injury
Vasodilation
causes
Hyperemia
leading to
redness
and
heat
congestion of blood
Vascular Permeability
increased
Exudate
fluid that contains
proteins, clotting factors & antibodies
that leak into the tissue
swelling (
Edema
)
pushing in nerve endings
Phagocyte Mobilization
Neutrophils will flood area first
Macrophages following
if inflammation is due to bacteria
Complement
is activated
STEPS
1. Leukocytosis
Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
2. Margination
Cell adhesion molecules (
CAMS
)
1 more item...
neutrophils cling into capillary wall
3. Diapedesis
neutrophils will
flatten
and
squeeze
between the
endothelial
wall
4. Chemotaxis
follow chemical trail
inflammatory chemical
guide
neutrophils toward injured area
Fever
secrete
Pyrogens
Leukocytes & Macrophages
tells the Hypothalamus to raise body temperature
Benefits:
Liver
and
Spleen
hold on to
iron
and
zinc
"Starve a fever"
which are needed for bacterial growth
increases metabolic rates
increases the rate of repair
Non-Specific
Antibodies
also called
Immunoglobulins
(
Igs
)
proteins secreted by plasma cells
make up gamma globulin portion of the blood
Classes
IgM
First antibody released
IgA
found in
Mucus and other secretions
help prevent entry of pathogens
IgD
functions as a B cell receptor
attaches on B cells
IgE
active in some
Allergies
& parasitic infections
Causes
Mast Cells & Basophils
release
Histamine
IgG
75-85% of antibodies in plasma
Majority
Almost all secondary responses
Defensive Mechanisms
Neutralization
antibodies
block
specific sites on viruses and bacterial
prevents antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
Blocks the lock and key area
Agglutination
antigen-antibody complexes
become large clumps
do not destroy antigens
prepare them for destruction
linked together in a chain
Precipitation
antibodies bind with floating /unattached antigens
precipitate out of the solution
sink them to the bottom of the vessels
Complement Fixation
Innate system
Main antibody Defense
against cellular antigens
bacteria
mismatched RBC's
leads to cell
lysis
DO NOT destroy antigens
Inactivate and tag them fro destruction
HIV
Consequences
AIDS
caused by HIV
a person can't get AIDS if they haven't contracted HIV
if T cells count falls below 200
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
late stage
failure of the Immune System
kills T (CD4)cells
which help body fight infections
Transmissions
transmitted from bodily fluids
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and Rectal Fluids
DOES NOT SPREAD
from
Skin-to-Skin contact
hugging, shaking hands, kissing
air or water
saliva, tears, sweat
sharing a toilet, towels, bedding
If pregnant
baby will have HIV
during delivery
breast milk
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
3 Stages:
Acute
Chronic
AIDS
HIV
"once you have it, you have it for LIFE"
there is NO CUREE
but can be controlled
If Untreated
reduces the amount of T-Cells
making the person more likely to get other infections or types of cancers
Over Time
many of these cells will be destroyed
body won't be able to fight off infections or diseases
AIDS
late stage of HIV
progresses over-time without any treatment
immune system becomes too weak to fight off infections
severely compromised
Life Expectancy:
3 YEARS
Symtoms
recurrent fever
chronic fatigue
Neurological Problems
memory loss
confusion
trouble concentrating
Sores
genitals
mouth
anus
chronic swollen lymph glands
inguinal
cervical
axillary
bumps, lesions, and rashes of the skin
Treatments
Medicine
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
reduce amount of HIV in the blood can become undetectable
live long, healthy lives and no risk of transmitting it to other people through sex
taking it daily
undetectable= Untransmittable
Symptoms
Night Sweats
Weight Loss
Oral or vaginal Yeast Infections
Fatigue
Nausea
Skin Rashes
some people never show signs of any symptoms
Transmission
Common in the US
sharing injection drug equipment (Needles)
Anal or Vaginal Sex without a Condom
Tests
Antibody/ Antigen Test
show positive results within 18-45 days after contracting HIV
Spread Awareness
Use A
CONDOM
Do NOT
Needle share
avoid touching someone else's blood
use
GLOVES
If Pregnant:
C-SECTION
no breast MILK to baby
It is not just an infection.. It is a virus that's killing your T-cells which fight off infections and diseases. So without those T-cells, your Immune System becomes weak and will be unable to fight off anything. Making an HIV patient an easy target.
Direct
Virus killing T cells making the immune system weak
Over time the immune system become too weak
Indirect
patient wasn't getting any treatments to prevent HIV from progressing to AIDS
thought of getting better was incorrect, some patients don't develop any symptoms