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Ch. 18 Classification and Systematics (Levels of Taxonomic Categories…
Ch. 18 Classification and Systematics
Concepts
phylogeny
evolutionary history of each group member
systematics
understand each evolutionary line
nomenculture
system of names
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natural system of classification
closely related organisms are classified
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
species
individuals closely related by descent from common ancestor
genera
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closely related species grouped together
monophyletic
common ancestor in same genus
polyphyletic group
evolved from different ancestors
family
level above genus
then order, class, division, and kingdom
species epithet
word that distinguishes species form other species
Cladistics
Understanding Cladograms
diagram the shows evolutionary patterns by means of series branches
node
point at cladogram branches
common ancestor
all branches extend from one branch
clade
node and all branches from it
most recent common ancestor
node 1 in ex
uninformative
no other species has this feature so it's
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
basal angiosperms
living descendants of those early-diverging clades
eudicots
the rest of the dicots
Other Types of Classification Systems
Artificial Systems of Classification
several key characters
easy to observe
Classification Systems for Fossils
form genera
all fossils with same basic form or structure
Taxonomic Studies
type specimen
single preserved plant that truly carries the name
isotypes
to preserve specimen
others are sent to herbaria around the world
The Major Lines of Evolution
grade classification
old classification of protista
other than clade
kingdom Plantae
algae adapted to living on land
clade of true plants
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more detail
what is a clade?
what is genera?
