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Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems (The Structure of Ecosystems #…
Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to their Habitat
Habitat
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Soil Factors
pioneers
first plants to invade // tolerate severe conditions
nitrogen fixing prokaryotes
A horizon
uppermost
zone of leaching
debris
B horizon
middle layer
zone of deposition
nutrient// humus&clay
C horizon
deep layer
parent rock// rock fragments
Latitude & Altitude
locations affect light hours
Disturbance
fires, floods, avalanches, etc.
Climate
temp, rain, humidity, wind, etc.
tolerance range
between low-high extremes
nonliving / physical phenomena
Biotic Components of the Habitat
Plant Self
modifies habitat
beneficial-neutral-detrimental
???
Other Plant Species
interactions
beneficial
mutualism
disadvantageous
competition
competitive exclusion
less adapted species is excluded
niche
set of conditions
ecotypes
tests
transplant experiments
plants change sites
common garden
Organisms Other than Plants
animals, fungi, prokaryotes etc.
mutualism between animals
frugivores
seed dispersal by fruit eating animals
commensal relationships
one species benefits, other unaffected
Predation
one species benefits, other harmed
herbivory
browsing
eating twigs or leaves of shrubs
where herbivores eat plants
grazing
eating herbs
pathogenic
fungi & bacteria
mutualism
mycorrhizal fungus transport of phosphate
living factors
set of conditions in life cycle
operational habitat
aspects definitely affecting plant
The Structure of Ecosystems
#
Physiognomic Structure
physical size & shape of organisms
its distribution in relation to others
life forms
raunkiaer means of surviving stress
Temporal Structure
changes an ecosystem undergoes over time
Species Composition
number and diversity of species coexisting
depend on climate
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
energy input
primary producers
autotrophs
photosynthesis
energy flow and carbon flow
primary consumers
secondary consumers
2 more items...
herbivores
Ecology
study of organisms in relationship to all surroundings
individuals
population
community
ecosystem
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
#
#
limiting factor of plant
more light
more photosynthesis
Co2
after point is reached
Local Geographic Distribution
Types of Distribution
Random
unpredictable
Clumped
together
Uniform
evenly spaced
can create
zones
to prevent other species growth
zones also established by
chemicals
allelochemics
inhibition-allelopathy
Age Distribution: Demography
rate of population growth factors
generation time
length of time from birth to birth of first offspring
intrinsic rate of natural increase
biotic potential
r
number of offspring that actually make it long enough to reproduce
carrying capacity
K
r- and K- selection
#
r- selection
r selected species
K- selection
k selected species
face intense competition
connected to soil factors
connected to biotic & abiotic factor
related to biotic potential
play part in each other
