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DNA concept map (Central dogma : DNA -> RNA->Protein (Translation…
DNA concept map
Central dogma : DNA -> RNA->Protein
Transcription
The synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes
The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code
Depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA
Replication
Semi conservative proccess that depends on complementary base pairing
continuous on the leading strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand
Occurs during the S phase of interphase
Helicase unwinds the double helix seperating the strands of DNA
it breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands
Single stranded binding proteins keep the seperated strands apart so that nucleotides can bind
DNA gyrase moves in advance of helicase and relieves strain and prevents the DNA supercoiling again
Each strand of parent DNA is used as template for the synthesis of the new strands
Syntheiss always occurs in 5'-> 3' direction on each new strand
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DNA= Deoxyribose nuclic acids
Enzymes involved
Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template
Can only add nucleotides to the 3' primer
These enzyms help fuel DNA replication
DNA polymerase 3 adds new nucleotides to the C3 hydroxyl group
on the ribose/deoxyribose sugar such that the strand grows from the 3'end
DNA Gyrase moves in advance of helicase and relieves strain and prevents supercouliing on the separated strands
DNA polymerase 1 removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA
DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous strans
RNA primase synthesises a short RNA primer on each template strand to provide an attachment and initiation point for DNA polymerase 2
Structure
Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA
supercoiling helps pack genetic material into the nucleus
The regions of DNA that do not code for porteins are limitws to regulators of gene expressions, introns, telomrers, and genes for tRNA's
DNA is composed and Adenine, Guanine , Thymine, and Cytosine
Discovery
Rosalind Franklin's investigated and discovered the double helix structure of DNA through x-ray diffraction. This idea was later exposed by Watson and Crick