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biology CH 8-9 (electron transport chain (s a series of electron…
biology CH 8-9
electron transport chain
In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
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driving these reactions is the free energy (energy available to do work) of the reactants and products.
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This stage produces most of the energy ( 34 ATP molecules, compared to only 2 ATP for glycolysis and 2 ATP for Krebs cycle)
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s a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox
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creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
, a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds.
Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars
Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.
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enzyme substrate complex
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energy coupling
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The ATP is responsible for mediating the energy coupling of cells, it is the energy currency.
ransfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism, or transfer of energy from exergonic process to endergonic process. (
Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with the endergonic reactions of cellular processes.
For example, transmembrane ion pumps in nerve cells use the energy from ATP
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When an enzyme binds its substrate, it forms an enzyme-substrate complex
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The enzyme-substrate complex can also lower activation energy by bending substrate molecules in a way that facilitates bond-breaking
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That is, active site residues may form temporary covalent bonds with substrate molecules as part of the reaction process
The enzyme-substrate complex can also lower activation energy by bending substrate molecules in a way that facilitates bond-breaking
As the enzyme concentration increases, there are more active sites and the reaction can proceed at a faster rate
This means that the reaction rate is low. When more substrate molecules are added, more enzyme-substrate complexes can be formed
As there are more active sites, and the rate of reaction increases.
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