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34 y/o male pt recently dx with AIDS (AIDS/ HIV (human immunodeficiency…
34 y/o male pt recently dx with AIDS
Immune system:
Innate defense system:
First line of defense:
External body membranes (skin & mucosae)
Second line of defense:
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
Third line of defense:
Attacks foreign substances (takes longer to react than innate) T-cells & B-cells
B- cells: Humoral Immunity
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First line of defense:
Skin & mucous membranes
Acid:
Acidity of skin & some mucous secretions inhibits growth; Acid mantle
Enzymes:
Lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms
Mucin:
Sticky mucus that lines digestive & respiratory tract; traps microorganisms
Defesins:
Antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth
Others:
Lipids in sebum & dermicidin in sweat are toxic to some bacteria
has modifications to stop pathogens
Mucus coated hairs in nose trap inhaled particles
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Physical barrier to most microorganisms
Keratin is resistant to weak acids & bases, bacterial enzymes, & toxins
Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
Second line of defense:
Phagocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells
Inflammatory response
Antimicrobial proteins
Fever
Attacking microorganisms directly or hindering their ability to reproduce
Macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
Inflammatory chemicals- histamine/kinins, prostaglandins, cytokines
Signs: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Can kill cancer & virus infected cells
White blood cells that ingest & digest foreign invaders
Adaptive Defenses:
Defensive system
Eliminates pathogens or abnormal cell
T- cells & B-cells
Adaptive immunity
Recognizes & targets specific antigens
Not restricted to initial site
Mounts stronger attack to "known" antigens
Humoral (antibody- mediated)
Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids
Bind to target cell
Temporarily inactivate
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Cellular (cell- mediated)
Lymphocytes act against target cells
Directly- killing infected cells
Indirectly- releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Antigens:
Mobilize adaptive defenses
& provoke an immune response
complete antigen or hapten
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MHC proteins:
Self protein
on all nucleated cells
Coded by genes
Unique to each individual
Lymphocytes:
B- Cells: humoral immunity- pathogens outside cell
T cells: cellular immunity- pathogens inside cell
Originate in red bone marrow
APCs:
Present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B Cells
present antigens to helper T cell
present antigens to T cells
phagocytize pathogens in skin/mucous membranes
lymphatics present antigens to t cells in lymph node
Most effective antigen presenter
AIDS/ HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
virus
can lead to immune system deterioration
attacks immune system
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
hiv can lead to the development of aids
stage 3 hiv
having unprotected intercourse
using dirty needles/ sharing needles
interferes with being able to fight infections (immune system)
smaller infections will cause much more damage
spread by infected blood, vaginal fluids or semen
hiv leads to aids if left untreated
abdominal pain
pain swallowing
fatigue
loss of appetite, etc