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Geert Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (Individualism (Ties between…
Geert Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
Individualism
Ties between individuals are loose
Individuals are responsible to take care of themselves
'I' is commonly used
Task comes before relationship
Competition between individuals
Confrontation seen as healthy
Communication is extensive
Noticeable in wealthier countries, e.g. USA, Australia and European countries
Uncertainty Avoidance
Tolerance for uncertainty & ambiguity
Strict rules, security & safety measures to minimise uncertainty
Germany is an example
Everything is carefully planned
Masculinity
Assertiveness
Power, strength
Material success
Self-centredness
Individual achievements
Japan is an example
Long-term Orientation
Foster pragmatic virtues
Oriented toward future reward
Saving, persistence, adapting to changing circumstances
Japan & China are examples
Indulgence vs Restraint
Measure of happiness
Freedom of speech
It's good to be free & impulsive
Enjoy life, have friends and fun
Power Distance
Less powerful members accept and expect that power is unequally distributed
High hierarchies = greater power distances
Superiors are superior beings, different kind of people
Expect to be told what to do
Inequality considered normal
Respect = most important thing a child can learn
Love centralisation
Low hierarchies = power distributed more equally
Inequality is wrong, must be reduced
Must be consulted
Independence - most important thing a child can learn
Power must be used legitimately
Love decentralisation