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Elderly female patient with osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes, high…

- - - - Calcitonin released from thyroid gland
        
        Chronic Kidney Disease follows and results in
        
        accumulation of phosphorus in plasma
        
        Leading to Cardiovascular Disease
        
        Increase in bone fractures
  - - - Results in down-regulation of insulin receptors
        
        Blood becomes hyperglycemic
        
        Kidney Disease (Nephropathy)
  - - - Inadequate perfusion to systemic circulation
    - - Hardening of renal arteries
      - Weakening of renal arteries
      - Effects blood flow to kidneys
    - - Damaged kidneys
        
        Inadequate filtration ability
- - - - Renal Tubule
        
        Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
        
        Descending Limb (continuous w/PCT)
        
        cells similar to PCT
        
        Descending Thin Limb
        
        Simple Squamous Epithelium
        
        Ascending Limb
        
        Thick Ascending Limb (cubodial/columnar)
        
        Distal Convoluted Tubule
        
        Cells similar to PCT
        
        Expect lack of microvilli at apical layer
        
        Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
        
        Cubodial Epi Cells
        
        Function to secretion/absorption
        
        Large Mithochondria
        
        Dense Apical Microvilli (brush border)
        
        Reabsorb water/solutes from filtrate and secrete substances within
      - Collecting Duct
        
        Two types of cells
        
        Principal Cells
        
        Short sparese microvilli
        
        Responsible for maintaining water/sodium balance
        
        Intercalated Cells (A/B)
        
        Cuboidal cells w/abundant microvilli
        
        Maintain acid/base balance of blood
        
        Receives filtrate from nephrons
        
        Runs through medullary pyramids
        
        Approaching renal pelvis
        
        collecting ducts fuse to form
        
        Minor calyces
        
        Deliver urine
    - - Covers the Glomerulus capillaries
      - Glomerular Capsular Space
        
        Space that filtrate moves into before entering PCT
      - Glomerulus
        
        Consist of capillaries
        
        Endothelium is fenestrated
    - - Cortical Nephrons
        
        85% of nephrons, located in renal cortex
      - Juxtamedullary Nephrons
        
        within medullary/cortex junction
        
        Produce concentrated urine
  - - - Renal Tubule
        
        Nephron Loop
        
        Descending/Ascending Limb
        
        Water
        
        Na+, Cl-, K+
        
        Ca2+, Mg2+
        
        Distal Convoluted Tubule
        
        Na+, Cl- (Macula Densa cells)
        
        Ca2+
        
        Proximal Convoluted Tubule
        
        Brush border (cuboidal cells w/apical microvilli)
        
        Sodium ions (Na+)
        
        All nutrients (macromolecules)
        
        Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
        
        Water
        
        Lipid-soluble solutes
        
        Urea
      - Collecting Duct
        
        Water
        
        Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-
        
        Urea
    - - Proximal Convoluted Tubule
        
        Main site of secretion
        
        Disposing of substances
        
        Urea
        
        Uric Acid
        
        Secretes excess Potassium ions (K+)
        
        By ADH release from
        
        Collecting Duct
        
        Distal Convoluted Tubule
        
        Eliminating unwanted/end products
        
        Plasma proteins
        
        Drugs
        
        Metabolites
        
        Secretion of Renin
        
        Helps to maintain blood pressure (Rennin-Angiontension-Aldosterone Mechanism)
        
        Secreted by Granular Cells (juxtaglomerular)
        
        PH drops
        
        1 more item...
        
        PH rises
        
        1 more item...
      - Collecting Ducts
        
        Secrete hormone: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
      - Distal Convoluted Tubule
        
        Secrete hormone: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
    - - Occurs within
        
        Mostly within Renal Corpusle
        
        Glomerulus Capsule (Bowmans Capsule)
        
        Parietal Layer
        
        Visceral Layer
        
        Glomerulus
        
        Endothelium of glomerular capillaries
        
        Fenestrations allow
        
        Large amounts of solute rich material to pass
        
        Creates protein-free fluid (filtrate)
- - - - Resulting in inadequate filtration
        
        Causing build up of fluids/waste in renal structures
        
        Resulting in damage to renal structures (nephrons, renal tubules, collecting ducts, etc)
        
        Diabetic Nephropathy
  - - - With the effects of other diseases
        
        Inability to reabsorb calcium from filtrate
        
        Increase weakening of bones
        
        Kidney stone build up
  - - - Inadequate deliver to renal structures
        
        Result in renal disease, or necrosis of renal tissue
        
        Inadequate filtration of blood
        
        Results in a wide array of systemic diseases
  - - - Affecting
        
        Inadequate filtration/reabsorption/secretion of renal structures
        
        Inadequate blood flow to renal arteries
  - - - Allows blood cells to leak into urinary tract