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Immunology (Serological Testing (Clumping Tests (Immunodiffusion (Ag/Ab in…

- - - - Keep diluting till can't see AB
      - Concentration of AB higher if positive in a more dilute serum
        
        Larger denominator
    - - See if antibodies are present
  - - - Antibody-Antigen complexed
        
        Create aggregates or "globs"
        
        Req optimized Ab-Ag ratio to be made
        
        Forms a precipatate
    - - Like electrophoresis
      - Instead of taking Ag in middle, separate electrophoretically first
      - Ag/Ab in center and other on surrounding wells
        
        Diffuse
        
        Line forms at Optimal ratio
    - - Ab added to long well
        
        Precipitation curve forms where Ab recog Ag
    - - Clum when Ab recog Ag on blood cells
  - - - Direct
        
        Looks for Ag that may mor may not be patients sample
        
        If Ag is present Ab with tag will attach
      - Indirect
        
        Looks for Ab patient has that will bind with a particular antigen
        
        Second Ab with tag will recog Fc of first Ab that attached to target Ag
      - Can be done as a ELISA test
      - Western Blot
        
        Separate Ag proteins
        
        By electrophoresis
        
        direct
        
        Ag known and from store
        
        Indirect
        
        From patient and unknown
- - - - Natural
        
        Produced by own body
        
        Response to normal event
        
        Breast milk from Mom
      - Artificial
        
        Produced by others
        
        Response to unnatural event
        
        E.g. Shot
    - - Active
        
        produce your own Ig
        
        Have memory
      - Passive
        
        Recieveing someone eles Ig
        
        On last as long as antibody half life
      - Herd
        
        Enough people immune in community that disease won't spread
        
        Due to lack of hosts
        
        75-95% immunized required
    - - Inactivated
        
        Weak response
        
        Only IgG produced
        
        Short term
        
        Benefit for immunocompromised people
        
        Adjuvant required
        
        Stimulate T cells
        
        Types
        
        Formalin-killed
        
        pathogen inactivated
        
        Toxoid
        
        Subunit
        
        make vaccine with most immunogenic proteins of pathogen
        
        Polysaccaride
        
        made as conjugate
        
        Nothing alive (infectious agent)
      - Attenuated
        
        Included Live Agents
        
        Infectious agent does grow in body
        
        Does not produce disease
        
        remove virulence factors
        
        disease causing genes
        
        grow the disease in non native host
        
        grow human disease in bird eggs
        
        Benifit
        
        High exposure to organism
        
        Stronger immune response
    - - Edible vaccines
        
        cloned vaccine proteins
        
        Made in genetically modified plant/animal
      - DNA-based vaccine
        
        MHC 1 inserted with gene that make protein that is presented
        
        activate T cells
        
        E.g. Cancer cells
        
        T cytotoxic cells
        
        TCR must recog cancer suface protein
        
        Introduce gene that makes cancer surface protein to other cells
        
        Presented by MHC 1
        
        Sucessful recog by T cell by lack second signal
        
        intro costimulatory mole gene
        
        Macrophage or Dendritic cells
        
        Antibodies can rec cancer surf protein without MHC 1
        
        Antigen receptor added to Tc cell in place of TCR
        
        Will also include the costimulatory molec