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34-year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS. He was tested…

- - - - HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
        
        HIV infection
        
        first stage
        
        fever, sore throat, and fatigue can occur
        
        2-4 weeks: flu-like symptoms
        
        virus attacks T cells
        
        late stage of infection --> AIDS
        
        transmitted through contact with infected
        
        blood products
        
        body fluids
        
        Untreated, HIV reduces the number of T cells in body
        
        weak immune system
        
        stage 2: asymptomatic HIV infection
    - - AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
        
        severely damaged immune system
        
        AIDS symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue, and recurrent infections
        
        HIV progressed to AIDS when:
        
        one/ more opportunistic infections regardless of T cells count
        
        number T cells falls below 200 cells/mm3 of blood
        
        opportunistic infections
        
        kaposi's sarcoma
        
        tuberculosis
        
        candidiasis of
        
        trachea
        
        oesophagus
        
        bronchi
        
        lungs
        
        pneumonia
        
        stage 3 of infection
- - - - opportunistic infections and cancer
        
        Kaposi's sarcoma
        
        respiratory and cardiovascular : pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension
        
        cytomegalovirus
        
        lymphoma
        
        digestive system
        
        oral thrush, chronic diarrhea
        
        nervous system
        
        neuropathy, vacuolar myelopathy, AIDS dementia complex, toxoplasma encephalitis
        
        psychological effect
        
        anxiety, depression, memory impairment
        
        integumentary
        
        rash, shingles, herpes sores , skin cancer
    - - no immune response
        
        body can't fight off infections
      - no humoral response
    - - develop certain opportunistic illnesses.
      - TH cell count below 200 cells/mm3
    - - patient survives about 3 years.
- - - - leukocytes
        
        monocytes
        
        eosinophils
        
        lymphocytes
        
        basophils
        
        Neutrophils
      - immune system function
        
        provide resistance to disease
  - - - lymphatic system
        
        lymph organs
        
        primary
        
        2 more items...
        
        secondary
        
        MALT: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
        
        5 more items...
        
        lymph nodes
        
        5 more items...
        
        spleen
        
        8 more items...
        
        lymphatics
        
        lymphoid cells
        
        immune system cells
        
        macrophages
        
        3 more items...
        
        dentrictic cells
        
        2 more items...
        
        lymphocytes
        
        2 more items...
        
        reticular cells
        
        2 more items...
        
        lymphoid tissues
        
        functions
        
        3 more items...
        
        diffuse/ nodular
        
        lymphatic capillaries
        
        increased permeability
        
        2 more items...
        
        lacteals
        
        3 more items...
        
        act as route for pathogens/ cancer cells to travel throughout body
        
        blind-ended vessel
        
        3 more items...
        
        bring lymph to
        
        3 more items...
        
        3 components
        
        Functions
        
        houses
        
        allows development of
        
        cells of immune system
        
        pick up leaked fluid from blood vessels
        
        return it to venous system
        
        lymph
        
        fluid in vessel
        
        transport
        
        low-pressure system
        
        propelled by
        
        muscular pump
        
        valves preventing backflow
        
        lymph nodes
        
        lymphatics
    - - 2 intrinsic systems
        
        adaptive defense system
        
        specific
        
        third line of defense
        
        1 more item...
        
        1 more item...
        
        eliminate pathogen/abnormal cell
        
        2 more items...
        
        antigens
        
        3 more items...
        
        involves 3 types of cells
        
        4 more items...
        
        innate defense system
        
        nonspecific
        
        first line of defense: surface barriers
        
        intact skin epidermis
        
        1 more item...
        
        intact mucous membranes
        
        1 more item...
        
        physical barrier to most microorganisms
        
        produce protective chemical
        
        1 more item...
        
        along with their secretions
        
        respiratory system
        
        2 more items...
        
        second line of defense
        
        cells and chemicals
        
        4 more items...
        
        breach in first line
        
        triggers second line of defense
  - - - lytic
        
        reproduction of viruses
        
        using a host cell to manufacture more viruses
        
        HIV target CD4 cells
        
        using CD4 surface proteins
        
        HIV
        
        virus
        
        AIDS
        
        antiretroviral therapy for patients
        
        condition
        
        stage 3 HIV infection
        
        lysogenic stages
        
        incorporation of the viral genome
        
        into the host cell genome,
        
        infecting it from within
        
        HIV inside CD4
        
        use viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
        
        producing DNA from viral RNA
        
        DNA copy
        
        provirus
        
        inserts itself into target cell's DNA
        
        direct cell to crank out new copies of viral RNA + proteins
        
        virus multiply + infect other cells
        
        destroy helper T cells
        
        depressing humoral + cellular immunity
        
        whole immune system disrupted
      - smaller than bacteria
        
        antibiotics drugs not effective against it
        
        vaccines available for some virus
        
        require living hosts
        
        antiviral drugs available for some infections
      - caused by virus
        
        attack specific cells
    - - single cell microorganism
        
        most are harmless
        
        1 % of bacteria cause disease
        
        treated with appropriate antibiotic drugs
      - caused by bacteria