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Motivation, Theories of Motivation (McClelland's Theory - proposed a…
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Theories of Motivation
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Early Approaches
Drive-Reduction Theory - approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal (behavior)
Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
Drive - a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
Acquired or Secondary Drives - those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
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Instinct Theory - the human instinct to reproduce is responsible for sexual behavior, and the human instinct for territorial protection may be related to aggressive behavior.
Instincts - the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
Humanistic Approaches
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - Maslow proposed that there are several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment
Self-Actualization - according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
Peak Experiences - according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) - theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
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Relatedness - need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
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McClelland's Theory - proposed a theory of motivation that highlights the importance of three psychological needs not typically considered by the other theories: affiliation, power, and achievement.
Need for Achievement (nAch) - a need that involves a strong desire
to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
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Need for Affiliation (nAff) - the need for friendly social interactions tions and relationships with others.
Incentive Theory - theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties.
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Arousal Theory - theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.
Yerkes-Dodson law - law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance; when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to better performance
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Cultural Differences
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Individualistic Cultures - Focus on the individual as independent and autonomous; Western cultures; Praise will boost a student’s self-esteem and motivate that student to succeed
Collectivistic Cultures - Focus on the welfare of the group as whole; Asian and Latin cultures; Praise may single out a student and motivate that student to underachieve
Types of Motivation
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Extrinsic Motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
Intrinsic Motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
Emotion
Components
Physiological Process
Frontal Lobes - areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.
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Amygdala - brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.
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Theories
Early Theories
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Cannon-Bard Theory - theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.
Common Sense Theory - that emotions are simply a class of feelings, differentiated by their experienced quality from other sensory experiences
Cognitive Theories
Facial Feedback Hypothesis - theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback
to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory - theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the
environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.
Lazarus' Cognitive Mediational Theory - theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.