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Development (Adulthood and Aging (Physical Development (Theories of Aging)…
Development
Adulthood and Aging
Physical Development
Theories of Aging
Wear-and-Tear Theory - the body’s organs and cell tissues simply wear out with repeated use and abuse
Free-Radical Theory - oxygen molecules that have an unstable electron (neg- ative particle). They bounce around the cell, stealing electrons from other molecules and increasing the damage to structures inside the cell. As people get older, more and more free radicals do more and more damage, producing the effects of aging
Activity Theory - an elderly person adjusts more positively to aging when remaining active in some way
Cellular-Clock Theory - cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage
Cognitive Development
Memory Changes - People find themselves having a hard time recall- ing a particular word or someone’s name
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Adolescence
Infancy and Childhood
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Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget - Developed 4-stage theory of cognitive development based on observation of infants/children
Stages
Sensorimotor - Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
Preoperational - Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
Concrete Operations - Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
Formal Operations - Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking
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Physical Development
Brain Development - development of the infant brain after birth involves a necessary loss of neurons called synaptic pruning, as unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells
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Cognitive Development
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Imaginary audience - Young people believe that other people are just as concerned about their thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are
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Psychosocial Development
Identity Versus Role Confusion - stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self.
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Prenatal Stages
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Germinal Period - First 2 weeks after fertilization, zygote continues dividing and moving toward the uterus; the placenta and umbilical cord also develop during this time
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Embryonic Period - The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
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Critical Period - Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
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Menopause - The cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability
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