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6.6 mining (processing ore (separating metal from ore (smelting, chem…

- - - - Gold (Au)
      - mercury (Hg)
  - - - affordable
      - 2000 types
      - nonrenewable
    - - aluminum
        
        light construction materials
      - steel alloys
        
        iron
        
        manganese
        
        cobalt
        
        chromium
      - copper
        
        electrical conductor
        
        antibacterial piping
      - gold
        
        electrical conductor
        
        jewelry
      - diamond
        
        jewelry
        
        mining
  - - - calcium carbonate (CaCO3)=limestone
      - silicon dioxide (SiO2)=quartzite
    - - granite
        
        mica
        
        feldspar
        
        quartz
        
        crystals
    - - often metal
      - contains large concentration of mineral
        
        profitable for mining/processing
        
        high grade ore
        
        high mineral concentration
        
        low grade ore
        
        low mineral concentration
    - - silicon dioxide (sand)
        
        glass
        
        bricks
        
        concrete
      - basatl/granite
        
        construction
      - limestone (calcium carbonate)
        
        concrete
        
        cement
      - marble
        
        construction
      - phosphrate
        
        inorganic fertilizers
- - - - scandium
      - yttrium
      - lanthanide
- - - - vegetation
      - soil
      - rock
    - - extract deposits lying in large horizontal beds close to surface
      - on flat terrain
      - huge earthmover strips overburden
      - power shovel removes coal/gold
      - trench filled with overburden
      - parallel cuts
      - contour strip mining
        
        hilly mountain terrain for coal
        
        power shovels/bulldozers
        
        excavator extracts coal
        
        land not restored=spoil banks=erodible hill=highwall rock
    - - contour strip mining
        
        exlposives
        
        coal
        
        waste rock into dirt valleys
        
        destroys forests
        
        buries mountain streams
        
        increases flood risk
        
        wastewater/toxic sludge
        
        toxic subs
        
        arsenic
        
        mercury
    - - remove metal ores/coal too deep
      - vertical shaft
      - blast subsurface tunnels
      - disturbs<1/10 as surface mining
      - hazards
        
        cave ins
        
        explosions
        
        subsidence
        
        fires
        
        lung disease
  - - - 75% waste in US
    - - acid mine drainage
      - toxic metals/chems
      - 40% watersheds contaminated
    - - 50% of US toxic air