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Chapter 8: Development (Prenatal Stages (Conception (Egg Transport…

- - - - DNA: special molecule containing genetic material
        
        Gene: section of DNA with a certain pattern
        
        Dominant Gene
        
        Recessive Gene
        
        Chromosome: tightly wound strand of DNA
- - - - Stages
        
        Sensorimotor: develop object permanence
        
        Preoperational: develop conservation
        
        Concrete Operations: develop logical reasoning
        
        Formal Operations: develop abstract thinking
    - - Scaffolding: more skilled learner gives help to less skilled learner
      - Zone of Proximal Development: difference between what a child can do alone and with help
  - - - Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt: Children are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence
        
        Initiative Vs. Guilt: Children assert themselves more frequently
        
        Industry Vs. Inferiority: Occurs during childhood between age 5 and 12, learning to read and write
- - - - Generativity Vs. Stagnation: People experience need to create or nurture things that will outlast them
        
        Ego Integrity Vs. Despair: Contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves leading a successful life
  - - - Free Radical Theory: Theory of aging that states the organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time
      - Wear And Tear Theory: Asserts that the effects of aging are caused by progressive damage to cells and body systems over time
      - Activity Theory: Suggests that successful aging occurs when older adults stay active and maintain social interactions
      - Cellular Clock Theory: Suggests that aging is a result of cells hitting their programmed reproductive limit
- - - - Preconventional Morality: focuses on consequences
        
        Conventional Morality: focuses on society's norms
        
        Post Conventional Morality: focuses on moral principles
  - - - Primary Sex Characteristics: genitals, reproductive organs
      - Secondary Sex Characteristics: body hair, breasts, etc
  - - - Erik Erikson: American-German psychologist who is known for his psychological development theory