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UNIT 3 (Chapter 11 - Case Research (Key Decisions in Case Research (First,…

- - - - Interpretive Case Research Exemplar
        
        Positivist Case Research Exemplar
        
        Comparisons with Traditional Research
        
        Positivist case research, aimed at hypotheses testing, is often criticized by natural science researchers as lacking in controlled observations, controlled deductions, replicability, and generalizability of findings – the traditional principles of positivist research. However, these criticisms can be overcome through appropriate case research designs. For instance, the problem of controlled observations refers to the difficulty of obtaining experimental or statistical control in case research
        
        The problem of controlled deduction refers to the lack of adequate quantitative evidence to support inferences, given the mostly qualitative nature of case research data. Despite the lack of quantitative data for hypotheses testing (e.g., t-tests), controlled deductions can still be obtained in case research by generating behavioral predictions based on theoretical considerations and testing those predictions over time.
        
        Third, the problem of replicability refers to the difficulty of observing the same phenomenon given the uniqueness and idiosyncrasy of a given case site.
        
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        The goal of this study was to understand why a newly implemented financial information system (FIS), intended to improve the productivity and performance of accountants at GTC was supported by accountants at GTC’s corporate headquarters but resisted by divisional accountants at GTC branches.
        
        Markus posited three alternative explanations: (1) system-determined theory: resistance was caused by factors related to an inadequate system, such as its technical deficiencies, poor ergonomic design, or lack of user friendliness, (2) people-determined theory: resistance was caused by factors internal to users, such as the accountants’ cognitive styles or personality traits that were incompatible with using the system, and (3) interaction theory: resistance was not caused not by factors intrinsic to the system or the people, but by the interaction between the two set of factors.
        
        In order to test the three theories, Markus predicted alternative outcomes expected from each theoretical explanation and analyzed the extent to which those predictions matched with her observations at GTC.
        
        The people-determined theory predicted that replacing individual resistors or co-opting them with less resistant users would reduce their resistance toward the FIS.
        
        Finally, the interaction theory predicted that neither changing the system or the people (i.e., user education or job rotation policies) will reduce resistance as long as the power imbalance and redistribution from the pre-implementation phase were not addressed.
        
        Initial interviews with Chief Executive Officers
        
        Interviews with divisional heads
        
        Questionnaires
        
        Questionnaires
        
        Secondary data
        
        Personal observation
      - Define research questions.
        
        Select case sites.
        
        Create instruments and protocols
        
        Select respondents
        
        Start data collection
        
        Conduct within-case data analysis
        
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        Build and test hypotheses
        
        Write case research report.
    - - Fourth, what sites should be chosen for case research?
      - Third, should the researcher employ a single-case or multiple-case design?
      - Second, what is the appropriate unit of analysis for a case research study?
        
        Fifth, what techniques of data collection should be used in case research?
- - - - Characteristics of Interpretive Research
        
        Interpretive Data Collection
        
        Interpretive Research Designs
        
        Rigor in Interpretive Research
        
        Confirmability
        
        Transferability
        
        Credibility
        
        Dependability
        
        Case research
        
        Action research
        
        action planning
        
        action taking
        
        evaluating
        
        diagnosing
        
        learning
        
        Ethnography
        
        Phenomenology
        
        The most frequently used technique is interviews (face-to-face, telephone, or focus groups). Interview types and strategies are discussed in detail in a previous chapter on survey research.
        
        A second technique is observation. Observational techniques include direct observation, where the researcher is a neutral and passive external observer and is not involved in the phenomenon of interest (as in case research), and participant observation, where the researcher is an active
        
        A third technique is documentation, where external and internal documents, such as memos, electronic mails, annual reports, financial statements, newspaper articles, websites, may be used to cast further insight into the phenomenon of interest or to corroborate other forms of evidence.
        
        Interpretive analysis
        
        Use of expressive language
        
        Researcher as instrument
        
        Temporal nature
        
        Naturalistic inquiry
        
        Hermeneutic circle
      - First, they are well-suited for exploring hidden reasons behind complex, interrelated, or multifaceted social processes, such as inter-firm relationships or inter-office politics, where quantitative evidence may be biased, inaccurate, or otherwise difficult to obtain.
      - Second, they are often helpful for theory construction in areas with no or insufficient a priori theory.
      - Third, all participants or data sources may not be equally credible, unbiased, or knowledgeable about the phenomenon of interest, or may have undisclosed political agendas, which may lead to misleading or false impressions.