Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Pharmacology in Cattle (Drugs (Vacc (Less Common (Babesia and Anaplasma…

- - - - Toxoid= an inactivated toxin (e.g. Cl.- toxins cause disease)
      - Bacterin= inactivated whole bacteria
    - - Toxoid of Cl. tetani, Cl. perfringens type D, Cl. nyvyi, Cl. septicum
      - Bacterin of Cl. chauvoei
      - Who= Primarily beef cattle and sheep
    - - + Leptospira interrogens serovar pomona, L. borgpetersonii serovar hardjo
      - Who= Primarily dairy Cattle
      - same as 5 in 1
    - - Babesia and Anaplasma (whole cattle blood with bugs in it)
      - BVDV
      - Campylobacter fetus venerealis
      - IBR
    - - E.g. GLanvac 3 B12 (3 in 1 + B12)
      - E.g. Glanvac 6S (Se-TOXICITY)
      - Anthelmintic
  - - - What sp. of bacteria are causing Dx
      - Where in the body are these bacteria?
      - What AB should work against bacteria?
      - Whill the AB get to the infection and still be active?
      - Are there any reasons why a particular AB shouldnt be used?
    - - Beta-lactams
        
        G+ aerobes
        Target cell wall of bact.
        
        Time-dependent bactericidal (work if bact replicating)
        
        Usually Injectable
        
        Penicillin long acting- cheapest
        
        Ceftiofur- ONLY USE IF NEEDED
        
        Penethamate- concentrates in acidic env.
        
        Intramammaries
        
        Lactating-LC= 1.5-5d WHP
        
        Dry Cow-CS= much longer WHP
        
        Calves ONLY= PO (C lavulox)- why= no gut bact to harm
        
        Limitations
        
        UNSTABLE= dont use when out of date (turn brown)
        
        Not usually oral (damages GIT)
        
        Not usually good at stayin in acidic env- udder/resp (Penethamate)
        
        Not WHP for itnramammaries
      - Tetracyclines
        
        Alamycin 300 (oil, prolongs DOA),
        Oxytetracyclin, Broad, good distribution,
        low R, not much $$
      - Macrolides
        
        Tylosin and Tilmicosin
        concentrate in acidic env= lungs
        many anaerobes, some G+ and G- aerobes, Low R, very expensive $$$
      - Florfenicol
        
        Inhibit synthesis of bacterial proteins= Bacteriostatic
        
        NuFlor
      - Sulphonamides
        
        aka TMS (potentiated sulphonamide with trimethoprim= Bactericidal)
        
        Broad, excellent distribution, high R, low %=$
        
        Limitation= lots of R= very OLD
        
        Action= inhibit synthesis of bacterial folate
      - Situations to be careful
        
        Tilmicosin: only if non-dairy, never IV, OHS
        
        Oxytet: oily preparation= irritating (IM hurt, sterile abscessation following IM- 10mL injections per site, beware if use near slaughter)
        
        Cephalosporins: dont use if brown/ out of date
        
        Beta Lactams: keep in fridge, nothing white goes into v.
    - - Fluroquinolones
        
        e.g. enrofloxacin (Baytril)
        
        Nation-wide ban in all Aust food-producing sp.
        Why- human health class
      - Aminoglycosides
        
        E.g. gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin
        
        Often used in horses
        
        there are SOME cattle preparations
        
        Are ok if NOT SYSTEMIC- inject where want it
        
        WHY BAD= injectables prohibited in food producing sp., Unpreditcability in clearances of drugs (concentrate in kidneys and released variably)
      - Metronidazole
        
        R- not used in food producing sp.
    - - dont work for as long as bottle says NEED TO GO OFF LABLE but then WHP doesnt apply E.g. Procaine penicillin long acting AB
  - - - Action= cox-inhibitors (decrease pro-infl. mediators)
      - e.g. Flunixin, Metacam
      - Limitations
        
        DONT use if preg animals near term (esp flunixin)
      - SIDE EFFECTS in ruminants
        
        Though not too bad- why= many sick ruminants are acutely unwell and not chronically unwell (dont get treated long enough to see side effects)
        
        Prolonged blood clotting times (anti-thrombic)
        
        Kidney Dx (and assoc hypertension)
        
        Abomastitis, Abomasal Ulceration/ haemorrhage- see inappetence (persistent low pH), displaced abomasum, cancer, ostertagiasis etc
    - - Use: anti-pruritic, glucogenic, Anti-infl, immunosup.
      - Mainly used for non anti-infl purposes
        
        Bovine ketosis (not ovine PT)
        
        Induction of parturition (cattle: with PGF) in last 12wks
        
        Controversial used for mastitis e.g. black mastitis
      - Limitations
        
        NOT AS GOOD EFFICACY AS NSAIDs
  - - - simple= stopp action potentials (can completely stop)
      - VERY POWERFUL
      - Adrenaline can allow for local effects (constricts a.)
      - LIMITATIONS
        
        Is comes with Adrenaline= DONT USE FOR TEAT SX as doesnt have good colateral blood supply= ischemia
    - - INCREASED SENSITIVITY (horses get a 10x dose in per kg basis)= need to know diff between Xylazil-20 and 200
      - Myometrial contractions and ABORTION in 3rd trimester (check for preg, consider ACP instead- no analgesia and less sedating)
      - Decreased temp regulation (shade if hot)
      - Reversal rarely needed BUT: atipamezole works better than yohimbine
    - - Ketamine
        
        Moderate pain relief
        
        mainly used to escalate xylazine sedation to anaesthesia e.g. calf umbilical hernia sx
      - Opioids
        
        pet
      - inconvenient to use on farm (log book, keep in safe bolted to vehicle) BUT good for pentibarbitone storage