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PARTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS (LEAVES (Leaves shapes (asymetrical, acuminate,…
PARTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
LEAVES
Special characteristics of leaves
some are not above ground (eg: onions, bulb scales)
soem are without major photosynthetic functin (eg: cataphylls, spines, cotyledons)
some are not flat (eg: many succulent leaves and cnifers)
Leaves shapes
asymetrical
acuminate
mucronate
emarginate
ovoid
obovate
cordiform
oblong
spatulae
oval
lanceolate
acicular
Leaves margin
entire
undulate
finely serrate
coarsely serrate
doubly serrate
crenate
lobed
Leaves base
acuminate
cute
rounded
cordate
oblique
sagittae
hastate
truncate
Leaves vein types
pinnate
reticulate
palmate
3 main veins some Ceanothus
parallel
Venation
arcuate
cross-venulate
dichotomous
longitudinal
palmate
parallel
pinnate
reticulate
rotate
Arrangement of leaves
FLOWER
Parts of flowers
calyx
corolla
petals and sepals, when all alike called perianth
androecium (male organ) - composed of stamens; each stamens composed of anther and filament
gynaecium (pistil, female organ) - composed kf carpels; each carpel composed of ovary, style and stigma
FRUITS
Drupe?
Definition: A fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed (dry fruit)
examples: pistachio, almond, coffee, coconut, dates, apricots, cherries. nectarine
Types of fruits
True fruit (grape)
False fruit (apple)
Classification of fruits
simple fruit
dry fruit, fleshy fruit
aggregate fruit
compound/ multiple fruit
SEEDS
Structure of seeds
monocot seeds
dicot seeds
Differences
BARKS
Morphology of bark
flat (arjuna barks)
curved (cascara bark)
recurved (kurchi bark)
channel
quil and doubled quil (cinnamon)
UNDERGROUND STEMS
Examples
bulb of garlic
bulb f onion
tubers of yam
corm of taro
bulb of fennels
tubers of potatoes
rhizome of ginger
Sub-aerial odifications
runner - have the spatiality fo creeping on ground and rooting at nodes
stolon - lateral branches arising from base of the stems, which grows horizontally
offsets - originated from axil of the leaf as short and thick horizontal branches
sucker - lateral branches developed from underground stems
UNORGANIZED DRUGS
gum
mucilage
differences between organized and unorganized drugs
RESINS
two types
synthetic resins
natural resins
classification
resins combination
oleoresins - homogenous mixture of volatile oil & resin (eg: oleoresin of ginger)
oleo-gum-resin - homogenous mixture of volatile oil, gum & resins (eg: myrrh, asafoetida)
natural resins - homogenous mixture of sugar & resin (jalap, rsin of ipomoe)
balsam - aromatic resenious substances. if the resin contain balsamic acid, cinnamic & or benzoic acid.