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Earthquakes and Volcanoes (The Four levels of the Earth (The Crust is the…
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
The Four levels of the Earth
The Crust is the first layer and is believed to be up to 70 km thick and is made up of solid rock
The mantle is the second layer of the Earth and is believed to be about 3,000 km thick and is made up of magma
The Outer Core is the third layer of out planet and is also made of magma but is only 2,000 km thick
The Inner Core is the hottest of the four at 5,500°C and it is most likely made of tightly packed Iron which is why it is still a solid. It is only about 1,250 km thick though
Destructive Plate Boundaries
A destructive plate boundary is when the continental plate and the oceanic plate meet and, because the oceanic plate is heavier, the continental plate forces the oceanic plate under and can form volcanoes as magma gets through the cracks. It can also cause earthquakes because of the friction
Earthquakes
Causes and effects
Earthquakes are caused by tensions in the Earth's crust and can have disastrous affects like the Haiti earthquake of 2010 which had a a score of 7.0 on the Richter Scale out of 10.
Because Haiti is a developing country it does not have the proper coping techniques to help its citizens get through the crisis that they were faced with
Unlike developed countries Haiti required help from the US Army to restore order, Help packages from the UN to help its citizens survive. Even their presidential palace collapsed because of insufficient construction.
Over 200,000 people died during the earthquake or after.
Volcanoes
Types of volcanoes
There are two main types of volcanoes
Composite Volcanoes
These are found at destructive plate boundaries and have
Acidic Lava (very viscous)
Steep sides - Lava doesn't travel very far before it solidifies
Layers of ash and solid lava that get bigger every eruption
Very violent eruptions but at the same time have longer periods in between eruptions
Shield Volcanoes
These are found at constructive margins and have
Normal lava which is more runny
gentle sides because the lava can flow for longer
No layers
less violent eruptions but longer periods between eruptions
Effects of Eruptions
The severity of the effects can differ if it is wealthy country or a poor one
Wealthy Countries
Wealthy Countries don't normally get affected as bad because they have measures in place to protect their buildings and people
They have evacuation protocols to get everybody out of the danger zone. They have the right infrastructure to be able to cope with the troubling situation during and after the eruption
Poor Countries
They can get hit very bad because they don't have the right infrastructure to cope
They have to rely on other countries and scientists to help with their crowd control, evacuation and reinstating of infrastructure
Why People Live Near Volcanoes
People live near volcanoes for various reasons
The housing is very cheap
Tourism helps the economy
Volcanoes make the surrounding soil very fertile and good for farming because of the ash
Geothermal energy can be harnessed and used
minerals in lava can be sold - Diamond
Ejyafjallajokull Eruption 2010
This was a volcano eruption in the developed country of Iceland.
it was a big eruption but because Iceland is developed no one died
It produced a huge ash cloud the made airlines cancel all flights because it would have messed with the engines and 13 million people missed their flights
