Teaching by Principles
Cognitive Principle
Affective Principle
Linguistics Principles
Principle 1: Automaticity
Description
-is the subconscious learning and processing
-without occupying the minds with details of the subject (no/ resistance to analyse language forms)
- efficient and rapid to move away from focus on language forms to language purpose
Classroom implication
Aim is on fluency (not much on aspects of language)
Patience with slow learners
Focus on uses of language in meaningful purposes/contexts
Principle 2: Meaningful Learning
Description
-a learning way : new knowledge is related to previous knowledge
-Opposite of rote learning
-long-term, stronger, better retention of knowledge
Classroom implication
Know and understand students’ interest and academic goals as well as career goals
Relate the subject to students’ existing knowledge and their background
Avoid memorisation and drilling
Avoid too mechanical/confusing teaching techniques
Principle 3: The Anticipation of Reward Human
beings are universally driven to act, or behave by the anticipation of some sort of reward—tangible or intangible, short term or long term– that will ensue as a result of the behavior.
-verbal praise and encouragement to students as a form of short-term reward.
-Display enthusiasm and excitement. If teachers are dull, lifeless, bored, and have low energy,it will be contagious.
-Encourage students to reward each other with compliments and supportive action.
Classroom Implementation
Description
Principle 1: Language Ego
Description
Principle 4.Intrinsic motivation
click to edit
Description
It refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. Learners perform task because it is fun, interesting, useful, or challenging
Classroom Implementation
warm, fuzzy principle
Learners need to be treated with affective TLC
Implication in classroom
know who will be able to voluntarily answer when teachers ask questions
Principle 2: Self confidence
how much or little to explain certain item
Principle 5. Strategic investment
Learner’s investment of time, effort, and attention to the second language to help you to comprehend and produce the language.
Apply different styles of learning
Description:
The native language of learners are learners that has a strong command on the acquisition of the target language. Native language uses both facilitating and interfering effects on production and comprehension of the new language.
Description
click to edit
click to edit
Classroom Implementation
click to edit
Principle 3: Risk Taking
Description
using English both productively & receptively
click to edit
- study /observe and understand what motivates students
Design classroom based on the observation
if learners are able to identify their ego fragility, then they’ll be able to take risk
Principle 2: Interlanguage
click to edit
Principle 1:The native language effect
Classroom Implication
Teacher notices learners errors as an important aspects of learning process and give good feedback.
Thinking directly in the target language can help reduce the errors of interference. Teachers should ask learners to think, comprehend and produce directly in the target language without doing the translation.
Implication in classroom:
give enough verbal&non-verbal assurance to students
"I can do it" principle
Second language learners will go through systematic and quasi-systematic developmental process as they succeed in the target language. A successful interlanguage development is partially a result of using feedbacks.
Classroom implication
Teachers must understand the difference between affective and cognitive feedback and indicate an understanding of the message.
Identify the use of errors
Try to encourage learners to self-correct by this they will be more independant
plan teaching sequence from simple to complex
Principle 3: communicative competence (CC)
Implications in classroom
Communicative competence is the goal of language classroom, instruction and psychomotor.
Communicative competence goals are achieved when giving due attention to language use and nit just usage.
Classroom implication
Teachers must drill and give exercise as part of the lesson and attention should be given to the component of cc.
Some pragmatic aspects of language are very difficult thus teachers must plan the lesson well.
Use as much authentic techniques that reflects the real world.
- ensuring activity or task given to students aren’t too difficult or easy
- respond to students by giving them positive responses or praises when they attempt by using risky attempts
Principle 4: The Language-Culture Connection
- language & culture both go hand in hand
- when we learn a new language, we indirectly learn a new culture
click to edit
Implications in class
- ensure that students are aware to what is acculturation & it’s stages
- keep an eye out to identify students that give different responses or reactions while in class & assist them