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A 34- year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS (Upstream cause…
A 34- year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS
Upstream cause
Direct cause:Damaged immune system makes it impossible to fight the virus hence the virus progress developing into Aids
Indirect cause:HIV infecting CD4+ cells like macrophages leading to their functional alterations and contributions to viral reservoirs
Direct cause :lack of treatments of HIv at early stage leads to Aids
Indirect cause: HIV infect and carry out depletion of CD4+ T cells hence causing Aids.
Downstream cause
Direct cause: Weaken all organs that they are unable to carry their duties.
Indirect cause: Makes an individual to lose appetite hence no nutrition to the body afact that worsen the situation.
Direct cause: Minor infection becomes life threatening due to destroyed immunity.
Indirect cause: Vomiting,nausea and diarrhoea are triggered due to destroyed organs that are responsible in control them
Background information
Anatomy
cells
Neutrophils contain a nucleus divided into 2-5 lobes and granules.
Monocytes/Macrophages, they are the largest of normal peripheral blood cells containing many fine lilac granules.
Lymphocytes:it is a white blood cells that develop from lymphoblasts.They contain: T cells,B cells
organs of immune system
Bone marrow:it is the primary lymphoid organ soft, spongy, gelatinous tissue found in the hollow spaces in anterior of bones.
Spleen: it is a secondary lymphoid organ found in the upper far left part of the abdomen, fist- shaped and purple
Thymus;it is the main primary lymphoid organ of lymphatic system located in the upper chest
viral and bacterial infection.
Viral infection: They are viruses that cannot live without a host to help them muitiply, they are small than bacteria they attach themselves to another living cells and use that cells genetic material to produce themselves. Antibiotics will not treat a viral infection.
Bacteria are bigger than viral. most of them are harmless and dont cause infection. They help to digest food, protect the body against other microbes and provide nutrients for our body.
lytic and lysogenic stages of a virus
lysogenic stages of a virus; 1 the virus reproduce first by injecting its genetic materials into the host cell's genetic instructions known as infection. Stage two is Asymptomatic meaning no symptoms 3. symptomatic a stage which shows symptoms. 4 progression meaning the hiv will transform into aids
Difference between HIV and AIDS.
AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV means human immunodeficiency virus which means that it is a virus that infects a human being and leads to problems with their immune system.
lytic'it is the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses
Physiology
cells of immune system
Neutrophils:migrate to site of infection to phagocyte them with the help of gelatinase granules.
monocytes/macrophages,they help to fight bacteria,virus and fungi
Lymphocytes: a natural killer cells that maintain normal immune system
organs of immune system
Bone marrow;manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells.
spleen; help in filtering blood and synthesis of immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Thymus; they train and develop t lymphocytes or t cells
Innate and adaptive parts of immune system
Adaptive defenses
Humoral immunity e.g B cells which help in secretion of antibodies
Cellular immunity e.g T cells which help in protecting the body from pathogens and cancer cells
innate defenses
Surface barriers: occurs in the skin and mucous membranes by preventing pathogens from entering into the body.
Internal defenses; They help with phagocytes,natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins and finally help with fever.