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Populations and ecosystems (concepts (population (Individual plants never…

- - - - known aspects of habitat that effect plants
    - - effect plants
      - do not effect plants
    - - Abiotic
        
        nonliving
        
        physical phenomenon
        
        Examples
        
        Climate
        
        soil
        
        latitudes and altitudes
        
        Distubances: earthquakes, fires, floods, and avalanches
      - Biotic
        
        living factors
        
        the plants themselves
        
        species of
        
        animals
        
        plants
        
        fungi
        
        protists
        
        prokaryotes
  - - - components
        
        temperature
        
        rainfall
        
        relative humidity
        
        winds
      - Extremes are most important for plants
      - tolerance range
        
        greatly verys from species to species
    - - formed from breaking of rocks
      - young soil
        
        deficient in nitrogen
        
        similar to parent rock
      - pioneer plant
        
        first plant to invade young soil
        
        must endure severe conditions
      - older soil
        
        is distinct
        
        has three layers (horizons)
        
        A horizon
        
        uppermost soil
        
        zone of leaching
        
        consists of litter and debris
        
        B horizon
        
        middle soil
        
        zone of deposition
        
        rich in nutrition
        
        C horizon
        
        mostly parent rock
        
        bottom soil
    - - at equator
        
        all days are 12 hours long
        
        no season change
        
        plants can't measure season via photoperiod
      - at high latitude
        
        summer days are longer
        
        winter nights are longer
        
        temperatures fluctuate greatly
      - arctic and antarctic circle
        
        mid-summer days are 24 hours long
        
        mid-winter nights are 24 hours long
    - - phenomena such as
        
        avalanches
        
        fires
        
        landslides
        
        floods
      - cause radical change in ecosystems
      - can completely eliminate species
      - have no or little effect on
        
        climate
        
        latitudes
        
        altitudes
      - can change soil content
      - many are man made
  - - - individuals in habitat alter habitat
      - habitat modification can be
        
        detrimental for plant
        
        neutral for plant
        
        beneficial for plant
    - - interaction among species
        
        mutualism
        
        both benefit
        
        competition
        
        both compete: negative for both
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        less competitive species dies
      - ecotype
        
        precursor to subspecies
        
        species adapted to their locality
      - transplant experiments
        
        plants transplanted in different environments
      - common garden
        
        plant grown together
      - organism other than plants
        
        animals
        
        pollinators
        
        mutualism
        
        frugivores
        
        distribute seeds
        
        commensal relationships
        
        one benefits the other unaffected
        
        predation
        
        one benefits the other doesn't
        
        herbivores
        
        herbivory
        
        browsing
        
        grazing
        
        fungi
        
        pathogenic
        
        mutualism
        
        mycorrhizal
        
        prokaryotes
        
        pathogenic
- - - - are limited to where animals live
    - - one factor that determine plant health
      - Example
        
        amount of water
        
        amount of sun/shade
        
        herbivory
        
        cold or hot temperatures
    - - grow faster with more water
      - can't compete with moist region plants
      - don't extend out of their habitat
    - - mineral composition
      - soil texture
    - - types
        
        random distribution
        
        no identifiable patterns
        
        no predictive value
        
        could have complex pattern
        
        uniform distribution
        
        occur in orchards/tree plantations
        
        plants evenly paced
        
        not common in nature
        
        can occur via plant chemicals
        
        allelochemics
        
        allelopathy
        
        clumped distribution
        
        large or small plant spacing
        
        occur via
        
        animals dropping multiple seeds
        
        plant dropping seeds in same area
  - - - few individuals
      - resources are plentiful
      - less competition
    - - numerous individuals
      - few resources
      - more competition
    - - annuals
      - early maturity
      - small shrubby perennials
      - many small seeds
      - few mechanical or chemical defenses
    - - perennial
      - late maturity
      - fewer large seeds
      - many defenses
  - - - generation time
        
        length of generation life
        
        effects population growth
      - intrinsic rate of natural increase
        
        aka Biotic potential
        
        symbolized by R
        
        number of offspring produced by individual
        
        Biotic potential doesn't equal
        
        number of seeds produced
    - - number of individuals that can
        
        live in ecosystem
      - symbolized by K
    - - symbolized by N
    - - population growth stops
- - - - each other
      - physical environment
    - - defined by C
    - - geophytes
        
        buds underground on
        
        rhizomes
        
        bulbs
        
        corms
      - therophytes
        
        annual life span
        
        survives stress as seeds
      - hemicryptophytes
        
        buds located at soil surface
        
        protected by leaf and stem bases
        
        many grasses and rosette plants
      - chamaephytes
        
        buds located above ground
        
        buds not exposed to strong wind
        
        buds are low
        
        small shrubs
      - phanerophytes
        
        buds located high
        
        on shoots
        
        25 to 30 cm above ground
        
        trees and large shrubs
  - - - coexisting in an ecosystem
    - - climate conditions
      - stress levels
      - soil quality
      - species tolerance range
    - - support less species
    - - support an abundance of species
    - - creates more niches
  - - - aka secondary producers
      - herbivores
    - - carnivorous
      - feed on primary consumers
    - - primary consumer
      - secondary consumer
    - - fungi
      - bacteria
    - - movement of energy through trophic levels
    - - moment of carbon through trophic levels
  - - - days
      - decades
    - - species of plants
      - geographic location
      - plant health
      - biotic and abiotic factors