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THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT, Classical Theories (Scientific Management…
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Classical Theories
Scientific Management
Principles
Development of optimum organisation structure through time and motion study, and ergonomic design
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If quantitative methods are used to aid management, efficiency gains are increased
For a given input, more output can be gained when work is organised using measurement, feedback, and refinement
Theorists
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Robert Owen- Recongised that fatigue and the working environment could have an adverse affect on workers' productivity
Frederick Winslow Taylor
- Developed work study/time study
- Compared employee performance against a standard
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Henry Gantt- Gantt charts, time can be used more effectively if tasks are carefully planned in a sequence with apportioned resources
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Technology, if properly applied, is the source of increased productivity
Bureaucracy
Characteristics
Hierarchy of Authority
Types of Authority
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Charismatic Authority: Subordinates respond because of the personal qualities of a charismatic leader
Rational-Legal authority: Subordinates respond because the superior is in seniority over them in the organisational hierarchy
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Specialisation
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Belongs to the organisation, so that even if a specialist leaves, the specialisation can continue
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Impersonality
Exercise of authority/extension of privileges are to be carried out in strict accordance with the system of rules
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Henri Fayol
"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and control"
Set out 14 principles of management and six activities that are the principal areas of concern for an organisation
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Systems Theories
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Organisations as a total system, rather than just scientific terms (classical) or just individuals (human relations')
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