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DEVELOPMENT (PRENATAL STAGES (CONCEPTION (FERTILIZATION = union of ovum…

- - - - ZYGOTE = a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
    - - FETUS = an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.
- - - - AUTONOMY vs SHAME &DOUBT: Toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions.
        
        INITIATIVE vs GUILT: Preschool children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self-control.
        
        INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY: The school- aged child must learn new skills in both the academic world and the social world. They compare themselves to others to measure their success or failure.
  - - - STAGES
        
        SENSORIMOTOR = develop object permanence
        
        PREOPERATIONAL = develop conservation
        
        CONCRETE OPERATIONS = develop logical reasoning
        
        FORMAL OPERATIONS = develop abstract thinking
    - - SCAFFOLDING = more skilled learner gives help to less skilled learner
      - Zone of proximal development (ZPD) = the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
- - - - GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION: The focus of this task is to find a way to be a creative, productive person who is nurturing the next generation.
        
        EGO INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR: The task in this stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been.
  - - - ACTIVITY THEORY = proposes that an elderly person adjusts more positively to aging when remaining active in some way.
      - WEAR-AND-TEAR THEORY = body’s organs and cell tissues simply wear out with repeated use and abuse.
        
        FREE-RADICAL THEORY = Latest version of the wear-and-tear theory in that it gives a biological explanation for the damage done to cells over time
      - CELLULAR-CLOCK THEORY = cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage.
- - - - PRECONVENTIONAL morality: focuses on consequences
        
        CONVENTIONAL morality: focuses on society’s norms
        
        POSTCONVENTIONAL morality: focuses on moral principles
  - - - ERIKSON, ERIK = psychodynamic theorist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality
  - - - PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS = growth of the actual sex organs such as penis or uterus.
      - SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS = changes in the body such as the development breasts and body hair.
- - - - CHROMOSOME: tightly wound strand of DNA
        
        GENE= the science of inherited traits
        
        DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
        
        DOMINANT GENE = more active in influencing the trait
        
        RECESSIVE GENE = genes that tend to recede, or fade, into the background when paired with a more dominant gene.