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Activity 5, Part 2 (Endocrine Organs (Anterior Pituitary (Growth hormone…

- - - - Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete its own hormones.
    - - Also called gonadotropins. Influence both male and female reproductive system activities by regulating hormone synthesis by the gonads, and the production and maturation of gametes in both sexes.
    - - Stimulates cell growth as well as cell division (mitosis) and affects most body cells, including adipose connective tissue (skeletal and muscular systems).
      - Stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2.
    - - Stimulates both the rate of melanin synthesis by melanocytes in the integument and distribution of melanocytes in the skin.
    - - Females: regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
      - Males: Influences sensitivity of interstitial cells in testes. May affect testosterone secretion.
    - - Regulates the release of the thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
  - - - Females: causes uterus wall to contract by stimulating smooth muscle. Causes ejection of milk from breasts.
      - Males:Influences movement of sperm and production of testosterone in testes. Induces smooth muscle contraction during ejaculation.
    - - Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, and concentration of urine excreted by kidneys. Signals to kidneys how much water to conserve.
  - - - Produced by the C-cells in the thyroid gland. Regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Either stops inhibits activity of osteoblasts, or stops the re-absorption of calcium in the kidneys.
    - - Hormone targets most body cells. Increases oxygen use, metabolism, growth and energy use. Supports and increases the rate of development.
  - - - Bones: Increases bone density and decreases formation of new bone. Stimulates calcium to be released into the bloodstream from large calcium storage in bones.
      - Kidneys: Stimulates kidneys to produce vitamin D, and decreases the loss of calcium in urine.
      - Intestine: Increases calcium absorption in the intestine via vitamin production and metabolism.
  - - - Glucocorticoids: reduction of inflammation and suppressing the immune system. Secreted naturally in response to stress.
      - Mineralocorticoids: Stimulates the distal tubes in the kidneys to increase salt re-absorption. Regulates salt and water in the body.
  - - - Also called adrenaline. Stimulates the fight-or-flight response. Increases heart rate and glucose levels in the blood.
    - - Works together with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in response to stress. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar levels and helps to break down fat for energy.
      - Also a neurotransmitter involved in the sleep-wake cycle. Helps with waking up, sustaining attention, memory storage and emotions.
  - - - Responsible for biological rhythms, mainly circadian rhythm. Effects felt all over the body. Production and secretion of melatonin depends on light exposure (more during the day, less during the night).
- - - - Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, and concentration of urine excreted by kidneys. Signals to kidneys how much water to conserve.
    - - Produced in the hypothalamus, and secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland.
        
        Females: Causes uterus to contract and lactation in the breasts.
        
        Males: Influences movement of sperm and production of testosterone in testes.
    - - Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
        (CRH)
        
        Increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the anterior pituitary
      - Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
        (GnRH)
        
        Increases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the anterior pituitary.
      - Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone
        (GHRH)
        
        Increases secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the anterior pituitary.
      - Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)
        
        Increases secretion of prolactin (PRL) in the anterior pituitary.
      - Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
        
        Increases secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the anterior pituitary.
  - - - Promotes calcium absorption in in small intestine.
    - - Stimulates erythrocyte production and maturation.
  - - - Increases blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in liver cells, lipid breakdown in adipose cells. Affects liver and adipose cells.
    - - Decreases glucose levels in body fluids, glucose transport into target cells; promotes glycogen and lipid formation and storage in the liver and body cells.
    - - Slows release of insulin and glucagon to slow rate of nutrient absorption during digestion.
    - - Suppresses somatostatin secretion from delta cells.
  - - - stimulation and promotion of the differentiation, growth, and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
  - - - Improves digestion by slowing down the emptying of food from the stomach and stimulating the production of bile in the liver and its release from the gall bladder.
    - - Stimulates insulin secretion that prepares the appropriate tissues for the transport and metabolism of nutrients obtained from the GI tract. Also inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
    - - Stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid. stimulate the gallbladder to empty its store of bile, the pancreas to secrete enzymes, and growth of the stomach lining and increases the muscle contractions of the gut to aid digestion.
    - - Secreted by the wall of the upper part of the small intestine. Regulates gastric acid secretion and pH levels in the duodenum.
    - - Stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water.
  - - - Mainly testosterone. Stimulates male reproductive organ development and production of sperm.
    - - Inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.
  - - - Stimulates development of female reproductive organs, follicle maturation, regulates menstrual cycle, and stimulates growth of mammary glands.
    - - Inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.
    - - Regulates menstrual cycle, stimulates growth of uterine lining and stimulates growth of mammary glands.