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Level 4 Concept Map (Biochemistry (Sugars & isomerism (Carbohydrates #…
Level 4 Concept Map
Cell Biology
Mcroscopy
Cell Fractionation
Pathogens and microbes
Viruses
Bacteria
Endomembrane
Nuclear envelope
Lysosome
Golgi complex
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitosis & meiosis
Cell division
Germinal
Somatic
Phases
Prophase
Metaphases
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
G1, S, G2
Chromosomes
Spectrophotometry
Cellular diversity
Cell cycle
Cell theory
Tree of life
Cell types
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Archaea
Cell membrane & transport
Diffusion
Active transport
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Osmosis
#
Fluid mosaic model
Passive transport
Membrane proteins
Phospholipids
#
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Polarity
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Dynamic assembly
Mechanical stiffness
Cytosol
Glycolysis
Metabolite transport
Protein biosynthesis
Signal transduction
Genetics
Genetic variation
Genotype
Phenotype
Environmental factors
Punnet squares
Genome
DNA
#
Replication
Translation
Transciption
Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Electric transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP
#
#
Biochemistry
Glycolysis
#
Metabolism starting point
Photosynthesis
Acids, bases, pH
Bonding
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
Full octets
ATP & electron transport chain
#
#
ATP is energy currency
#
Mitochondrial matrix
Synthesised in glycolysis
Periodic table
Atoms
Nucleus
Protons
Electrons
Elements
Isotopes
Electronegativity
Molecular geometry
Molecular shape
VSEPR theory
Bioenergetics
ATP hydroplysis
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Thermodynamics
Gibbs free energy
Laws
Conservation of energy
DNA
Replication
Mutations
Base pairing
DNA polymerase
Genetic engineering
Restriction endonucluases
Recombinant DNA
Vectors
Plasmid
Nucleic acids
Enzyme kinetics
Michaelis-Menton equation
Sugars & isomerism
Isomers
Chirality
Carbohydrates
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Storage
Metabolism
DNA
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Structure
Stereoisomerism
Redox reactions
Loss/gain electrons
Clock reactions
Amino acids & proteins
#
Structure
Amino acid functions
Metabolism
Protein building blocks
Biologically active amino acids
Chemical messengers
Metabolic intermediate
Exercise, Nutrition & Health
Energy in - energy out
ATP
#
Energy intake
Energy expenditure
Thermic effect of food
Physical activity
BMR
Schofield's equation
#
Anthropometry
Practical assessment
Body composition
Body fat percentage
Skinfold thickness
BMI
Girth measurements
Metabolism
#
Energy sources
Macronutrients
Estimating REE
Exercise
Genetic factors
Somatotypes
Energy metabolism
Metabolic rate
REE
BMR
BEE
RMR
Under nutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Under nourishment
Treatment
Over nutrition
#
BMI ranges
Obesity
Fat storage
#
Public health nutrition
Communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Responses to physical activity
#
Cardiovascular responses
Douglas bags practical
#
Acute responses
Objective/subjective measures
Cardiac output
#
Lactic acid
Respiratory rate
#
Tidal volume
Immediate responses
Minute ventilation
Exercise intensity
Severe
Heavy
Moderate
Chronic responses
Plasma volume
Cardiac hypertrophy
Training intensity, duration, frequency
Aerobic/anaerobic exercise
Long-term impacts
Heart rate & stroke volume
Principles of Nutrition
Professional standards
Skills
Experience
Knowledge
Training
Energy balance
Energy intake
Energy expenditure
Physical activy
Climate
Diet induced thermogenesis
Genetics
Set point theory
Macronutrients
#
Carbohydrates
#
Simple carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Glycogen
Starch
Fibres
Glycaemic index
Metabolism, digestion, absorption
Food sources
Fats
Metabolism, digestion, absorption
#
Food sources
Lipids
#
Simple lipids
Saturated fatty acid
#
Monounsaturated FA
Polyunsaturated FA
Compound lipids
Miscellaneous/derived lipids
Proteins
#
Metabolism, digestion, absorption
Food sources
Amino acids
Essential
Valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, histidine
Non-essential
Glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, serine, tyrosine, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid
Nutritional assessment
Biochemical approach
Cholesterol
Electrolytes (hydration)
Haemoglobin (iron)
Nitrogen balance (protein)
Clinical approach
Functional approach
Muscle function - grip strength
Neurological - movement & reflexes
Anthropometry
Measurements
Growth
Composition (body fat)
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#
Micronutrients
Vitamins
Water-soluble
B vitamins and vitamin C
Fat-soluble
#
Vitamins A D E K
Supplements
Minerals
Major minerals
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulphur, sodium, magnesium, chloride
Trace elements
Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium
Metabolic biochemistry
#
Glycolysis
Anabolism
Catabolism
Enzyme kinetics
Michaelis-Menton equation
#
Co-factors
Co-enzymes
Inhibitors
Allosteric enzymes
Scientific research
Ethics
Standard laboratory techniques
Food and hygeine
Importance
How to undertake research
Literature review
Dietary intake assessments
Considering dietary influences
Retrospective
Food frequency questionnaire
Diet history
24 hour recall
Prospective
Weighed food inventory
Food diary
Dietary reference values
#
Optimum nutrient intake for physiological function
Only for essential nutrients
Food based dietary guidelines
#
Statements to guide food choices and consumption
Based on population goals (not individual)
Physiology
Homeostasis
Positive feedback cycle
Negative feedback cycle
Maintaining body's internal environment
Histology & body tissues
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous system
Somatic
Afferent (sensory) nerves
Efferent (motor) nerves
Autonomic
Neurotransmitters
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Synapse
Action potentials
Digestive system
#
Transport of nutritients
Transport across membranes
Structure & functions of GI tract
Accessory organs
Nutrients
#
Absorption of nutrients
Diffusion
#
Active transport
#
Renal system
Fluid balance
Glomerular filtration
Nephron structure
Endocrine system
Homeostasis
Blood glucose regulation
Receptors
Glands
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Insulin secretion
Pancreas
Hormones
Lipid soluble
Water soluble
Reproductive physiology
Diabetes
Type I
Type II
Blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Blood disorders
Leukaemia
Anaemia
Blood groups
A, B, AB, O
Respiration
Ventilation mechanisms
Atmospheric pressure
Gas laws
Henry's law
Dalton's law
Charles' law
Boyle's law
Haemodynamics
Intrinsic regulation
Extrinsic regulation
Cardiac cycle
Systole & diastole
Exercise physiology
Effect of short-term exercise on respiratory & cardiovascular system
#
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
Heart rate
#
Expired CO2 (Douglas bags)
#
Muscles
Muscle types
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Muscle functions
Endocrinology
Thermoregulation
Movement
Extensible
Excitable
Action potentials
Contractile
Elastic
Metabolism
#
Nerves & membrane potential
Action potentials
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Refractory periods
Sodium-potassium pump
Science History, Philosophy & Practice
Professionalism & Ethics
Philosophy
Deduction
Induction
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Scientific Communication
Types of scientific paper
Critically analysing literature
Scientific Theories
Statistics
Statistical variables
Quantity
Discrete
Continuous
Category
Nominal
Ordinal
Samples
Punnet squares
Parameter estimations
Central tendencies
#
Mode
Mean
Median
Dispersion measures
Standard deviations
Quartiles
Ranges
Distributions
#
Normal
Skewed
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
Data analysis programmes
SPSS
Microsoft Excel
#
Experimental Design
Clock reactions
#
Designing a practical
Graphs
#
Histogram
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Scatter Plot
Line Graph
Level 5 Concept Map
Research Techniques in Nutrition & Exercise
Scientific method
#
Scientific writing
#
Strength and power
Muscle strength
Muscle power
Grip strength
Sports drinks
Osmolality
Osmometer
Gastric emptying
Hypotonici
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Palatability
Visual analogue scales
Comparing commercially available sports drinks
Carbohydrate
CHO content
CHO type
Sodium
Sweeteners
Cost
Ingredients
Ergogenic aids
Energy expenditure
Indirect calorimetry
Metabolism
Meal comparisons
Satiety
Blood composition
Blood glucose
#
Palatability
Visual analogue scales
Glycaemic index (GI)
#
Submaximal testing and aerobic capacity
Force = distance x work
Physiological responses to exercise
Heart rate
Blood pressure
#
Aerobic metabolism
VO2 max
Oxygen uptake (litres per minute)
Ratings of perceived exertion
Borg scale
Data analysis
Distribution
Normal distribution
Skewed data
SPSS
#
Normality tests
#
Regression models
Excel
Anthropometry
Waist:hip ratio
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ)
Physical Activity Level (PAL)
Skinfold thickness
Girth measurements
#
Body fat percentage
BMI
Health outcomes
Energy in, energy out
#
Research Methods
Scientific questions
Must be testable
Prove or disprove
Types of study
Experimental
Prospective
Oberservational
Can be prospective but usually retrospective
Affected by confounding variables
Gathering evidence
Association and causation
Systematic
Anecdotal evidence
Confounding variables
Blocking
Blinding
To avoid bias
Independent and dependent variables
Research
Qualitative
e.g. focus groups, interviews, participant observations
Quantitative
Requires data analysis
Measurable evidence
Aims and objectives
Hypotheses
#
Null hypothesis
Assumption made by researcher
Alternative hypothesis
Rejection of null hypothesis
Probability
Mutually exclusive events
Addition rule
Multiplication rule
Independence
Binomial distribution
Central limit theorem
Variables
Quantitative
Discrete
Continuous
Qualitative
Nominal
Ordinal
Categorical
Inference
Prediction made form sample
SPSS
#
Variance
Identifying outliers
Normality testing
Boxplot
Histograms
Mean
Normal distribution if similar to median
Median
Mode
#
Displaying data
Pie charts
#
Histogram
Continuous interval data
Scatter plot
Bar chart
Nominal or ordinal data
Employability
CV
Cover letter
Literature review
Sources
Plagiarism
Regression
Estimation and confidence intervals
True value
Upper and lower bounds
Diet in Health & Disease
Scientific writing
Integrated report
Changing nature of health & disease
Diet disease relationships
Development
Prevention
Nutrition, exercise & performance
Macronutrients
Protein
#
Nitrogen balance
Carbohydrate
Fat
#
Models of health & disease
#
Micronutrients
#
Role of diet in health & disease
Metabolism
Physiological processes
Function in the body
Requirements
Varying requirements over life course
Deficiencies
Consequences
Applied Nutrition
Appraising public research
Labelling figures and tables
Energy requirements
Schofield equation
Genetic modification
Nutrient bioavailability
Systemic factors
Bio-accessibility
Intestinal factors
Food irradiation
Public concerns
Benefits
Prolong shelf life
Improve microbiologic safety
Reduce use of chemical fumigants
Ionising radiation
X-ray source
Electron beam
Radura symbol
Radiation dose
Gray (Gy) unit for absorbed radiation
Radioactivity
Nuclear instability
Becquerel (Bq) unit of radioactivity
Acceptable macronutrient distribution range
Covers needs of most active individuals
Tailored food recipes
Canva design software
Reference intakes
Food labelling
Maximum amounts for average adults
Food based dietary guidelines (FBDG)
#
Intended to inform and guide food choices
Based on population goals, not individuals
Dietary reference values (DRV)
#
Nutrient requirements per day for optimum physiological function
Validation techniques
Heteroscedacity
Bland Altman plots
Correlation coefficients
Reliability
Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency reliability
Inter-rater reliability
Biomarkers
Absorption
Metabolism
Using data
Interpreting scientific articles
Reporting errors
Random and systematic errors
Means to reduce errors
SPSS
#
Data inaccuracies
Statistics
Percentiles
Outliers
Descriptives
Mean
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Standard deviation
#
Variance
Boxplot graphs
Variables
Interval
Nominal
Ordinal
Ratio
Food product development
Dietary assessment
Considerations that influence dietary intake
Nutritics
Food diary
Recall to code
Nutritional analysis
INTERMAP study
INTERMAP portion sizes
DAPA Toolkit
Retrospective
Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ)
Diet history
24 hour recall
5 step multiple pass method
Quick list, forgotten foods, time and occasion, description/amounts, final probe
Prospective
Food diary using household measures
Weighed food inventory with food scales
Metabolic Biochemistry
Nitrogen fixation
Protein turnover
Nitrogen balance
Urea cycle
Amino acids
#
Amino acid deficiencies
Metabolism
N-metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Gibbs free energy equation
Anabolic vs. catabolic reactions
Carbohydrate metabolism
Thermodynamic laws
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathways
ATP
Enzyme kinetics
Michaelis Menten kinetics
Eadie Hofstee plot
Lineweaver-Burk plot
Inhibitors
Regulation
Reversible binding
Uncompetitive
Non-competitive
Competitive
Protein structure
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheet
Amino acids
#
Enzyme regulation
Homoallostery
Activation by proteolytic cleavage
Allosteric enzymes
Reversible covalent modification
Phosphorylation
Cell signalling
Extracellular signalling
MAPK and phosphorylation (JNK)
Signalling pathways
GPCR and PKA activation
Vitamins
#
Fat soluble
Water soluble
Deficiency
Carotenes
Uptake
Mechanisms
Sources
Different forms
Health & Exercise Practices
Health practice interventions
e.g. smoking
Addictive behaviour
Health and wellbeing
Physiological effects of stress
Influences on a person's efficacy and readiness for change
Psycho-physiological issues and health
Governmental policies
Writing White Papers
Influential infographics
Canva design software
#
Thinking, eating and moving
Facilitators/barriers to health change
Environmental factors
Food hygience
Sanitation
Food availability
#
Clean water
#
Poor health practices and chronic disease in contemporary society
#
Human behaviour, self-management and compliance to behaviour change
Social prescribing
Health determinants model
Health onion model
Theory of reasoned action
Theory of planned behaviour
Health belief systems
Biopsychosocial model
Biomedicine
Galenic medicine
Level 6 Concept Map
Applied and Clinical Nutrition
Non-nutritive substances
Developmental milestones
Motor development
Language development
Social development
Emotional development
Absence Epilepsy
Additives
PICA
Medical consequences
Lead toxicity
Sweeteners
Improve glycaemic control
Phytochemicals
Phytoestrogens
Lipoproteins
#
Lipid metabolism
Key enzymes
Lipoprotein lipase
Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase
Disorders
Classification of lipids
Cholesterol metabolism
Structure and characteristics of lipoprotein
Ultracentrifugation
Electrophoresis
Chylomicrons and VLDL
LDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol
Triglycerides
Atherosclerosis
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacological agents
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
Diabetes & CHO counting
Complications
Micro or macro-vascular
DAFNE
#
Management of T1 Diabetes
Core concepts
Insulin
Food
Exercise
How much insulin
Continual glucose monitors
Gastrointestinal disorders
Gastric ulcers
Symptoms
Historical treatment
Coeliac disease
Nutritional implications
Autoimmune
Ulcerative colitis
Nutritional management
Crohn's Disease
Clinical features
Symptoms
Malnutrition
Elemental diet
Possible dietary associations
Diverticular disease
Who gets it
Complications
Treatment
Gut microbiome
Difference between microbiome and microbiota
Functions
Links with chronic disease
Probiotics
Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
Characteristics of effective probiotics
Differences of prebiotics and probiotics
Cardioprotective diet
Saturated fatty acids
Trans fatty acids
Dietary cholesterol
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Omega-3
#
Viscous fibre to decrease LDL
Plant sterols/stanols
Soy protein effect on LDL
Hypertension
Nutrition and Cancer
Growth and Nutrition in Childhood
WHO growth charts
Nutrition, immunity and inflammation
Nutrition in emergency
Urea cycle and kidney disease
Diet and allergies
Eating disorders
Folic acid and human health
Epigenetics and nutrigenomics
Nutritional support
Professional Development Portfolio
#
Public Health Nutrition
Food Choice & Policy Intervention
#
UK Sugar Tax
Supplementation and fortification
Regulatory measures
Theory of Explained Behaviour
Influences
Environment
Accessibility
Availability
Social factors
Traditions
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Thyroid hormones
Thyroid glands
Synthesis of T3 and T4
Cretinism
Iodine food sources and intake
Goitrogens
Development of goiters
Classification of goiters
Global prevalence if IDD
Assessment of iodine status
Goiter rate
Urinary iodine excretion
Blood Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Correction of iodine deficiency
Iodised salt
Iodine fortification programme
Iodised oil
By mouth
By injection
Iodine requirements
Iodine toxicity
Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders
Historical background
Impact on public health
Physiological functions
Chemistry of vitamin A
Vitamin A and immune system
Xerophthalmia
Activity and conversion
Dietary references
Vitamin A food sources
Control and prevention of VADD
Vitamin A toxicity
Stroke
Types of stroke
Ischaemic
Transient ischaemic attack
Hemorrhagic
Epidemiology
Mortality
Inequalities in health
Risk factors
Modifiable
Non-modifiable
Risk factor screening
Stroke prevention
Positive lifestyle changes
Using epidemiological data
Behaviour change intervention
The FRAME model
Stroke diagnosis
Economic cost of stroke
Quality of life after stroke
Government objective for stroke
10-point plan
Diabetes
#
DESMOND
DAFNE
Different types
Type 1
Type @
Gestational
Glucose regulation
Risk factors
Modifiable
Non-modifiable
Complications
Macrovascular
Microvascular
Prevention
Primary prevention
Lifestyle intervention
Secondary prevention
Screening for retinopathy
Tertiary prevention
High risk individuals
Public Health
Different approaches
Narrow
Broad
Health promotion and disease prevention
Prevalence
Incidence
Health Nutrition Cycle
Classification of overweight/obesity
Obesity Epidemic
Changes in prevalence of obesity
Treatment of obesity
Exercise
Diet
Lifestyle changes
Programme planning and implementation
Evaluation
Formative
Process
Outcome
COPE
Coronary Heart Disease
#
Morbidity and mortality inequalities
Atherosclerosis
CHD prevalence
CHD incidence
Aetiology of CHD
Public health impact of CHD
CHD and tobacco
CHD and high cholesterol
CHD and hypertension
CHD and diabetes
CHD and physical activity
CHD and alcohol
CHD and overweight/obesity
Prevention and management
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Nutritional Epidemiology
Cancer epidemiology
Interpretation of results
Grading / stages
Epidemiology triangle
Challenges of diagnosis
Spread of cancer
Ethical issues and challenges
Approaches to public health actions
Government responsibility deal
Distribution of health states
Intervention Strategies
Sustainable intervention strategy
Ecological level
Intrapersonal leve;
Social and cultural level
Physical environment level
Individual level
Examples of settings
Examples of approaches
Interventions of supplementary feeding
Changing behaviour without giving foods
Transtheoretical model
Theory of reasoned action
Health belief model
Social learning theory
Key points to develop an intervention programme
Assess nutrition behaviour
Assess most effective options
Support and infrastructure
Develop evaluation strategy
Challenges of infectious diseases
Soil transmitted helminth
Roundworm
Whipworm
Hookworm
Life cycle
Prevalence
Transmission
Soil and climate determinant
Implications
Preventative strategies
Preventative chemotherapy
Sanintation
Health education
Dehydration
Oral rehydration solution
Diarrhoea
#
Main sources
Water
Malnutrition cause and effect
Public health importance
Risk factors
Prevalence
Definition
Research Project
Systematic reviews & meta analysis
Quality of evidence, bias
Formulating research question
PICO
PRISMA framework
Data screening
Data extraction
Data analysis
Presentation skills
Design Study
GANTT chart
Relevance to soiety
Methods
Health and safety
Responding to questions
Presentation delivery
Notebook
Reflective skills
PebblePad
Organisation & project management
Critical thinking
CV & Interview
#
Job searching
Acting on feedback
Interview skills
Ethics & Risks
Risk Assessments
COSHH
Lab safety
Risk of hazards
Global Challenges in Food and Health
Dietary guidelines
Public health vs sustainability
Hunger and food
Food security
Concepts
Definitions
Gender, health and food security
Food Security Interventions
Implications of food trade and Brexit
Digitalisation and Food Security
Food insecurity in the UK
Urban farming
Biotechnology
Food Waste
Concept Note
Climate change, water and agriculture
Sustainable agriculture
Health and Climate change
Global policies
#
Policy analysis processes
Changing choices or changing systems
Work Experience and Career Management Skills
Obtaining work placement
Self employment
Overcoming challenges from the pandemic
Relevance for future work
Application process
CV writing
Cover letters
Searching through job ads
Goal setting
Learning contract
Setting and meeting targets
SMART goals
Self reflection
Critical analysis of performance on placement
Strengths and weaknesses
SWAIN analysis
Identifying areas to improve
How to attain skills and fill knowledge gaps
Job pitches
Career guidance sessions
Guest lectures about career pathways