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Napoleon´s downfall and The Congress System (The Congress System (The…
Napoleon´s downfall and The Congress System
1805 Napoleon controlled Western and Central Europe
Battle of Trafalgar against Lord Nelson
England´s navy won
Napoleon´s navy was crushed
Although he lost, he didn´t gave up and found another way of destroying England
CONTINENTAL SYSTEM
order all countries he conquered not to trade with England
The british went to America
Forced them to join the british navy, if not they will go to jail
english people started producing manufactured goods
this lead to the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1812: Russia broke the Continental System
Napoleon was ready to fight with 600.000 soldiers
Russia had a strategy:
SLASH AND BURN
In September, Napoleon entered Moscow
no enemies
Rough winter: they got sick and and they froze
In october, Russia defeated the weak army of Napoleon
No army left to defend the Empire
Russia, Austria, England and Prusia formed an ALLIANCE
Wanted to crushed the remains of Napoleon´s Empire
1813: defeated Napoleon at the Battle Of The Nations
He exile to Elba but in 1815 he escaped and for 100 days returned to power
He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helen
in 1821 he
DIED
Left Europe in chaos
The CONGRESS OF VIENA (1815) was formed
5 peacemakers: England (Castlereagh), France (Talleyrand), Prussia (Hardenberg), Austria (Metternich) and Russia (Tsar Alexander I)
They talked about:
Balance of power
Containment of power
Legitimacy
Rewards for victors
Lasting peace
Met in Viena to plan and discuss the future of Europe, although they had different objectives
The Settlement produced stability beacuse all the powers wanted to resolve problems in order to achieve their aims. There was no world war for nearly 100 years
The Congress System
Attempts by the great powers to cooperate in settling possible causes of conflict between themselves in order to keep peace
The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)
The Allies met at Aix-la-Chapelle to review their relationship with France
Settled the issues of payment of the indemnity and withdrawal of the army from France
The Congress of Troppau (1820)
Discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820
The Congress of Laibach (1821)
Attempt some sort of mediation by the great powers between King Ferdinand of Naples and his subjects
Congress of Verona (1822)
There was a new peacemaker called George Canning (because Castlereagh had commited suicide), who belived in the simple idea of ´every nation for itself´. It was the last Congress and Metternich found imposible to work with Canning.
Were the Congresses a success or failure?
No permanent organisation to prepare an agenda
Failure to established agreed principles
Few periodic meetings
Divergence of views
Unable to accomodate the different opinions
Popular pressures for liberal government
Preserve peace and stability by represing popular movements
The basis for a stable international order was created