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34 yr old patient is diagnosed with HIV 1 year ago and is now diagnosed…
34 yr old patient is diagnosed with HIV 1 year ago and is now diagnosed with AIDS.
Background Information
Organs and Cells of Immune System
Cells
Phagocytes
White blood cells that eat foreign invaders
Neutrophils
Become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Macrophages
Develop from monocytes and are chief phagocitic cells
Free macrophages
Wander through tissue spaces
Fixed macrophages
Permanent residents of some organs
NK (Natural Killer) Cells
Nonpahgocitic lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
Organs
Bone Marrow
Most defense cells are produced here
Then migrate into bloodstream to other organs and tissues for maturity.
Thymus
Watch for changes
Place where cells can mature
Lymph Nodes
Continually exchanging of substances between blood and tissue
Spleen
Stores defense cells
Removing red blood cells
Storage and removal Thrombocytes
Tonsils
early defense with pathogens
Lymphatic tissue on bowels
Majority of antibodies are found in bowel walls and appendix
They recognize pathogens and destroy them
Store info on the substance for faster resistance
Components and Physiology of innate and adaptive parts of the immune system
Adaptive parts
Mediated by T and B cells
Innate parts
lymphocytes
antigen-presenting cells
Functions on specific leukocytes and focus on mainly lymphocytes
Neutrophils
1st cells to respond to invaders (bacteria and viruses)
send out signals to alert other cells in immune system
released from bone marrow
Eosinophils
respond to infections with parasites (worms)
high concentration in digestive tract
make up 5% of white blood cells
Basophils
non-specific immune response to pathogens
best known role asthma
when stimulated cells release histamine
1% of white blood cells
Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
responsible for humoral immunity
produce antibodies that "remember"
T Lymphocytes
directly responsible for killing many foreign invaders
Monocytes
garbage trucks of the immune system
important to migrate into tissues and clean up dead cells
5%-12% make up white blood cells
Difference between viral and bacterial infection
viral infection
pieces of DNA and RNA in a protein shell
they are not cells but they are much smaller
bacterial infection
bacteria
Single celled prokaryotes
small cell with membrane wall
most bacteria is harmless
lytic and lysogenic stages of a virus
Lytic Stages
1 Attachment
virus attaches to specific host cell
2 Entry
virus injects cell with its own DNA
3 Replication
Host cell destroyed. New viral DNA and proteins are made
4 Assembly
New virus particles assemble
5 Lysis and Release
New virus particles released
viruses uses host cell organelles to make new virus
Lytic Cycle
1 Attachment
Viruses attached to host cell
2 Entry
Viral nucleic acid becomes part of the host cell's chromosome
3 Cell division
Viral nucleic acid is inactive, it replicates along the host cell chromosome
virus "hides" in host cell's chromosomes until it becomes active and uses the host cell's organelles to reproduce
Difference between HIV and AIDS
AIDS
Destroys T-helper cells
kills or severely weakens the immune system
HIV
Attacks immune system and is unable to fight back invaders
Destroys the entire immune system and die
Homeostatic set point
immune system prepares the body to fight off the infection and help the healing process
during infection, immune system will cause a development in fever and increase in blood flow to bring oxygen and other immune cells to where the infection is.
helps in would healing to reform the correct barriers so they can participate in homeostasis
Communication signaling pathways of immune system
main chemical of the immune system is cytokines
immune system makes this chemical and send them out to the body to activate and recruit immune cells
cytokines spreads through the body and attaches on the surface of other receptors
receptors signal the cell to change proteins it makes and the behavior to help fight
nutrition metabolism pathways
many micro nutrients are important for immune response
iron
copper
selenium
vitamins A,C,E
zinc
B-6
folic acid
over nutrition and obesity reduce immunity
diagnosed with HIV, immune system declined in result turned into AIDS
unprotected sex with a positive HIV person can expose you to this
unclean needles, exposed to blood
Mother to baby
AIDS
T cells count is 200 or below
more vulnerable to tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and pneumonia
people with aids, their health can make them more susceptible to cancers like lymphoma and cervical cancers
HIV
attacks T cells ( which are cells that help fight off infections)
T cells reduce in numbers
in result cells will be destroyed and the body will no longer be able to fight of infections/disease
turning into the last stage to AIDS
antibiotics & viral infections
antibiotics target growth machinery in bacteria, NOT VIRUSES
no benefits to the immune deficiency
normal T cell count is 500-1,000
Most abundant of white blood cells
white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin
largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macropages
A type of white blood cells
HIV causes AIDS and interferes with the body to fight infections