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Short term effects of exercise (Cardiovascular system responses…
Short term effects of exercise
Skeletal system responses
Osteoclast activity
Bone is dynamic tissue. It is constantly reshaped by osteoblasts. In return, osteoclasts break down the tissue to allow new growth
Weight barring exercise stimulates the activity of osteoblasts and supresses osteoclast activity, maintaining a healthy bone density.
Synovial Fluid
Synovial fluid is thick, straw-coloured liquid that acts as a lubricant and is found primarily in the cavities of synovial joints. Exercise increases the amount of synovial fluid, decreasing it's viscosity, keeping joints healthy.
Neuromuscular
Increased blood flow to working muscles
Blood is redirected to the muscles that have a greater demand for oxygen and nutrients
For example if your training legs then you would get an increase in blood flow to your legs.
Increase in temperature
Blood carries heat so the working muscles become warmer.
Increase in pliability
When muscles are cold they are hard to stretch. When the temperature of our muscles increase through exercise they stretch a lot better.
Increased nerve to muscle connection
When we become active our nervous system wakes up and starts connecting and recruiting muscle fibres. This leads to greater power output of muscles
Respiratory
Increase in tidal volume
It increases because depth of breathing increases and rate of breathing
This has the effect of taking more oxygen into the body and removing more carbon dioxide .
Increase in breathing rate
Because body systems takes oxygen and gives carbon dioxide, lungs will have to work harder in order to remove carbon dioxide from blood and replace it with oxygen, so it will make breathing rate higher than normal
Increase rate of gaseous exchange
There is a continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place in the lungs. While exercising, the breathing rate increases, and the rate of gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries is also maximized to supply oxygen and remove excess carbon dioxide.
Muscular system responses
Micro Tears
Every muscle in the body id made up of hundreds of tiny fibres.
During exercise, muscle fibres will contract and relax against each other, resulting in microscopic tears to the fibres.
When you rest after activity your body heals by using protein to fill the gaps in the tears.
Temperature
During exercise all muscles require energy, gained from fuels such as carbohydrates and fats.
One of the products is heat. As the muscles warm up, blood circulating through the muscles is also warmed resulting in a rise in the body's temperature.
The amount of heat you muscles produce is related to the amount of work they perform: the more intense the exercise the more heat produced.
Muscle fibre recruitment
When muscle fibres sustain damage, signals trigger dormant satellite cells to go into action. They replicate, forming one new dormant cell and one that proliferates.
*The proliferating satellite cells can either form a new fibre or patch the original cells from elsewhere, such as bone marrow which can also help.
Blood Flow to working muscles (vascular shunting)
During exercise the vascular system redistributes blood to areas with the greatest demand for oxygen away from areas with a lower demand for oxygen
Cardiovascular system responses
Anticipatory increase in Heart Rate
Increase in heart rate occurs before the start of exercise. Heart rate can be changed by neurotransmitters such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, released from the brain.
Therefore before exercise, the heart rate increases and subsequent increase in blood flow has already begun to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscle or muscles about to be worked.
Cardiac Cycle
When the body detects an increase in exercise intensity, the cardiac cycle must respond accordingly. It achieves this by speeding up to meet the demands of exercise.
Cardiac Output
*The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute. It will increase approximately 10 times. So it produces enough to run body systems and muscles to provide force
Stroke Volume
Increases progressively and gradually levels off. Its the amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one contraction
*Normal stroke volume ranges between 70-80 ml per beat, a trained athletes stroke volume would be about 110ml
During maximum exercise it doesn't increase
Heart Rate
*Changes accordingly to the body's needs. Increases during exercise to deliver extra oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
At rest a normal adults heart beats approximately 75 times per minute, peaking around 200 beats per min for strenuous activity
Noradrenaline via sympathetic nerve which speeds things up.