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Short term affects of exercise (Cardiovascular system response…
Short term affects of exercise
Skeletal System responses
Two factors that change within the system during exercise:
Osteoclast activity
- with weight bearing exercises
Osteoclasts break down tissue and clear dead calcium to allow new growth. Weight bearing exercises stimulate the activity of osteoblasts and supresses the activity of osteoclasts, maintaining a healthy bine density.
During Midlife, osteoblasts and osteoclastb acitibty are imbalcnced, osteoclast acivity increases so it is important to exercise to stimulate the activity of osteoblasts so bones can be grow and be repaired
Synovial Fluid
- increase & reduction in viscosity.
It is a liquid that is thick and straw coloured which lubricates the joints. Exercise increases the amount of synovial fluid in the synovial joints but decreases the viscosity of it which means a decrease in the thickness and stickiness of it.
This ensures that the joints are kept healthy and that cartilage is stopped from drying out.
Muscular system responses
Muscle fibre recruitment
The level of requirement is demined by the demand placed on the muscles. The type 2x muscle fibre is used when the body is going through a stage of high intensity exercise such as an 100m sprint, the type 2a muscle fibre is used when the body is doing mid to high intensity exercise such as a 200-300m sprint. Lastly the type 1 muscle fibre is used when you are doing low intensity exercise such as a marathon.
During exercise there is a specific pattern followed, firstly type 1 is used even during sprints because when first starting out the body doesn't know which muscle fibre needs to be used so it will use oxygen automatically at first. Then the fast twitch muscle fibres are brought in, 2a followed by 2 x.
Blood flow to the working muscles
The body will send blood to where it demands it. Blood flow is greater during exercise as blood vessels in the muscle dilate.There is a redistribution of blood flow during exercises because parts of the body need it more to be able to cope with the exercise taking place. During exercise most of the blood will be disrupted to the muscles and then will be evenly spread out to different parts on the body that need it such as the skin, intestines,brain,kidneys, heat muscle and the bones.
The muscles need lots of blood during exercise because the oxygen that the blood carries is needed for the energy that helps the muscles to contract and work for long periods of time.
Microtears
The ratchet system causes micro tears, this is caused when actin and myosin filaments bind to help with the contraction of muscles. Friction is caused during this and muscles will hurt the next day after exercise.
When you rest after the body heels and the protein provided will heel the gaps of the micro tears and this provides extra strength depending on the muscle and the training type. Satellite cells are sent to the tared areas because teared muscled fibres allow signals to trigger the proteins into action and they will then duplicate and patch up or form new fibre
Hypertrophy training will make muscles bigger by increasing the number of muscle fibres and strength training will allow stronger muscles by increased strength of muscle fibres
Temperature
During exercises all muscles require energy which is provided by carbs and fats and heat is the product from this. Muscles will begin to warm up because blood is circulating through the muscles so that they can be provided with oxygen and nutrients that will allow them to contract. The more intense the activity is the more heat that will be produced due to more blood reaching the muscles for more oxygen which will cause the body temperature to rise.
Respiratory Response system
Increased Breathing rate
Breathing rate increases as to satisfy the demands of the body during exercise. We need to be able to breathe faster and deeper so that oxygen so blood can transfer it to the muscles and they can work effectively.
Breathing rate will also increase so that carbon dioxide can be exhaled out the body more effectively.
Increased tidal volume
Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in and out with each normal breathe.
During exercise, tidal volume will increase so that more air can pass through the lungs and gaseous exchange can take place.
Cardiovascular system response
Antisipatory increase in heart rate
This occurs before exercise, heart rate can be changed by neurotransmitters such as adrenaline or noradrenaline which are released from the brain.
Before exercise, heart rate increases and the following in increase in blood flow has already begun to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscles that are about to be worked.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is the voulume of blood pumped out of the heart every minute. It is equal to heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
During exercise cardiac output increases because blood needs to be disrupted to the muscles so they can receive increased oxygen to be able to contract effectively.
Stroke Volume
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction, this increases progessively
Vasodilation
Increase in the diameter of blood vessels, which means there is more blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
Heart rate
This changes according to the body's demands, it increases during exercise to deliver extra oxygen that is needed to tissues and remove carbon dioxide
The sympathetic nerve speeds up while synapse nerve produces a hormone called noradrenaline. The parasympathetic nerve then slows down the heart and the synapse at the end of the nerve produces a hormone called acetylcholine.
Changes in Blood PH
The PH of blood is 7.2 to 7.5 which is a very weak alkaline towards neutral.
During exercise PH drops and turns more acidic due to waste products that are produced such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
Vasoconstriction
This involves the decrease in diameter of a blood vessel by contraction of involuntary muscle fibres in the vessel walls
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of the arteries,
Systolic pressure increases with exercises because is the contracting pressure where as diastolic pressure is relaxing so it stays the same
Neuromuscular system Response
Sensory Neurons
These are nerve cells which are responsible for converting external stimuli from the organisms environment into internal electrical impulses. .
Some sensory neurons respond to tacticle stimuli and can activate motor neurons so that muscular contraction can happe. This is important in sport so that we can react to things and work accordingly such as reacting to some about to tackle you and be able to react and dribbler round them
Relay Neuron
These are nerve cells that carry messages from one part of the CNS to another so our brain can tell us what to do during exercise such as telling us to stop if we are over worked, whearas motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to the effectors so we can move effectively during exercise.
Motor Neurons
This is a nerve cell that forms part of a pathway where impulses pass throughout, from the spinal cord and brain to gland or muscle. this helps us to contract our muscles continuously during exercise.
Muscle Spindles
These are stretch recpetors within the body of the muscles, its main job is detecting changes in the length of the muscle. They transport information of length changes to the central nervous system by the use of the afferent nerve fibres. This is used when shortening of the muscle happens during contraction etc.
Golgi tendons
These are priprcepteors, located in the tendon are sentive to stretch of the muscle. They send information to the CNS about the strength of a muscle contraction so they can facilitate smooth movement patterns