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Present Tense (The Present Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which…

- - - - 4) To express future actions. This occurs in four different cases:
        
        the Present Indefinite may be used to indicate a future action which is certain to take place according to a timetable, programme, schedule, command or arrangement worked out for a person or persons officially. In this case the sentence usually contains an indication of time.
        
        the use of the Present Indefinite with reference to the immediate future is structurally dependent in some special questions: What do we do next? ('Что будем сейчас делать?') Where do we go now? ('Куда сейчас пойдем?') What happens next? ('Что сейчас будет?')
        
        its use is structurally dependent i.e. compulsory, in subordinate clauses of time, condition and concession when the action refers to the future (when, while, till, until, before, after, as soon as
        and once)
        
        its use is lexically dependent in object clauses after to see
        (to), to take care and to make (be) sure.
      - for an instantaneous action which takes place at the moment of speaking but it is not viewed in its progress. The speaker just names the occurrence itself, the action as such.
      - the use of the Present Indefinite becomes obligatory with
        stative verbs
    - - in demonstrations.
      - in comments
      - in stage directions
    - - permanent actions with durative verbs. They generally indicate continuous, uninterrupted processes which naturally
        include the present moment. Such actions give a general characteristic to the person or thing denoted by the subject.
      - recurrent actions with terminative verbs. They are,
        as a matter of fact, point (instantaneous) actions repeated a number of times (often, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, always)
- - - - 2) Present Perfect II serves to express an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it. This grammatical meaning is mainly expressed by the Present Perfect Continuous. However, the Present Perfect Non-Continuous is found in the following cases:
        
        Its use is compulsory with stative verbs
        
        with some dynamic verbs of durative meaning the Present Perfect is sometimes used instead of the Present Perfect Continuous with little difference in meaning
        
        the Present Perfect is preferred to the Present Perfect Continuous in negative sentences, when it is the action itself that is completely negated
        
        is associated with certain time indications — either the whole period of the duration of the action is marked or its starting point. In the former case we find different time indications. Some expressions are introduced by the preposition for and sometimes in (e.g. for an hour, for many years, for the last few days, for a long time, for so long, for ages, in years, in a long while, etc.)- Other expressions have no prepositions (e.g. these three years, all this week, all along, so long, all oney s life, etc.)