An elderly, 70-year-old, female patient recently retired from her long-term job in Fort Worth. Last week she moved to Denver, CO, to live closer to her daughter... She has fast, shallow breathing and a wet, wheezy cough. Fluid in the lungs is called pneumonia.
Lung Anatomy
trachea
windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi
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alveoli,
oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled
pleura.
A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath
cardiac notch
indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart
erythrocytes
also known as red blood cells, pick up oxygen to be transported to tissues throughout the body
pulmonary artery
s an artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli
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Gas laws that describe the diffusion of gasses across membranes,
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Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of gases, without the use of any energy or effort by the body, between the gas in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries in the lungs.
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The concepts of partial pressure and how elevation affects partial pressure,
The result of hypoventilation on oxygenation is that air exchange between the alveolar space and the environment does not effectively occur. This decreases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar space resulting in a lessened diffusion gradient which reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the bloo
pressure is directly proportional to concentration, assuming volume and temperature are constant
pressure is directly proportional to concentration, we can write our equilibrium expression for a gas-phase reaction in terms of the partial pressures of each gas.
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Downstream effects
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cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
pain
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pneumonia
fever, chills, dehydration, fatigue, loss of appetite, malaise, clammy skin, or sweating
fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing
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sepsis, pleural effusion, and empyema.
Upstream causes
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having certain chronic medical conditions (including a weak immune system, underlying lung disease
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