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What are the effects of mutations and gene flow with in a gene pool of a…

- - - - Done early
        
        Before Gel electrophoresis
    - - Used to be analysed/worked with
      - creates billions of DNA
    - - Annealing (55c)
        
        Cools down
        
        Primers applies
      - Extension (72c)
        
        Heats back up
        
        does not denature
        
        DNA is replicated
        
        Taq polymerase
      - Denaturing (95c)
        
        Heats up
        
        Hydrogen bonds are weakened
        
        2 strands
    - - Thermal cycling
      - centrifuge
  - - - Charges molecules
        
        Biggest molecules to smallest
        
        Big molecules are slower
        
        small molecules are faster
      - Samples are pipette-ed into wells
        
        wells made of agarose gel
      - Charged molecules move through gel #
  - - - Establishes genetic relationship
        
        DNA sequencing
      - Used in Forensics #
        
        Amplifies DNA
        
        more samples
        
        easier use
        
        helpful when sample is too small
      - Diagnoses diseases # #
        
        inherited
        
        helps identify pathogens
      - identifies species #
        
        track species
        
        helps conservation
        
        study of ancient species
      - Genetic counselling
- - - - reduced functions in spleen
        
        immune system issue
        
        pains
      - lowered life expectancy
      - Organ failure
      - only harmful in the western world
        
        no immunity
    - - looked for
        
        prevents malaria
        
        kills parasite
    - - Haemoglobin alpha is unaffected
      - Haemoglobin beta becomes rod shaped
        
        stiffens red blood cells
        
        sickle cells from
        
        Blocks capillaries
        
        limits oxygen
        
        Anaemic
        
        allows form bacteria
        
        crescent shape
  - - - autosomal recessive
        
        may be a carrier
        
        not phenotypically expressed
      - Singular nucleotide polymorphism
        
        base substitution
        
        codon: GAG - GTG #
        
        amino acid: Glutamine acid - Valin acid #
        
        located on chromosome 11
        
        amino acid 6
      - passed on
        
        inherited
  - - - pain relief
    - - only cure
    - - reduced red blood cells sickling
- - - - moved by slave trade #
        
        moved to the western world
    - - Eastern Africa
        
        other places
        
        Asia
        
        South America
  - - - In areas of malaria
        
        High malaria = high sick cell
        
        Advantageous #