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What is the effect of mutation and gene flow on the pool of populations?…
What is the effect of mutation and gene flow on the pool of populations?
Biotechnology
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Duplicates copies of selected DNA
Duplicates billions of times
Used in conjunction with Electrophoresis
3 Stages
Denaturing
Heated to high temperatures
Double helix unwinds
Annealing
Cooled to lower temperatures
DNA Primers
Attached to DNA template
Extending
Heated to high temperatures
Adds on TAQ polymerase enzyme
Electrophoresis
Seperates DNA by negatively charging molecules
DNA moves depending on size in bands
Smaller bands move further
Larger bands travels less distances
Uses agarose gel
Used to identify
Inheritance
Family relations
Similar or separate species
Diagnose diseases or disorders
Effects
Benefits / Advantageous
Larger harvests
More grown plant food
More food resources
Cures to diseases
Increase human longevity
Rids deadly diseases
Clone organs and animals
Synthetic organ creation + transplant
Alters disadvantageous mutations in people
Negative / Disadvantageous
Ethical issues
Playing like God
Argued / Protested by believers
Expensive procedures
Unequal opportunities
Weaponised biotechnology
Create an uncontrallable mutation
Affects everyone
Potentially kill everyone
Mutation + Gene Flow
Gene Flow
Changes in Allele or gene frequency
More genes / alleles
genetic diversity
Potential adaptation
Reproduction
Increased gene pool
variation
Introduction of new species
genetic drift
founder effect
Individuals enter new population
bottleneck effect
Individuals survive a disaster or event that lowers population
Not survival of fittest
best alleles or genes for the environment do not survive
Mutation
Change in DNA or RNA bases
DNA
bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
guanine
RNA
bases
uracil
adenine
cytosine
guanine
Point mutation
insertion
deletion
substitution
frameshift
Produces new amino acids
creates new enzymes or proteins
changes genetic coding
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Advantageous or disadvantageous
Advantageous
Adaptation to suit environment
Malaria resistance
Disadvantageous
Causes defects / diseases in body
Down syndrome
Sickle Cell
Positive, negative, neutral effects
Causes
Environmental
Chemical
Radiation
Introduce new alleles
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Genetic Disease
Point mutation
Single base in codon is changed
Codes for new enzyme
Affects enzyme on 11th chromosome
Single Nucelotide Polymorphisis (SNP)
No available cure
Can relieve symptoms
Autosomal recessive
Carriers are not affected by condition
Genetically Inherited
Somatic mutation
passed down to offspring / children
Not sex-linked
Not germline
Common in African descent
1/500 African Americans contain virus
Effects
Sickle shaped blood cells
clog up veins or blood flow
stroke
Lack of oxygen flow
lowered cellular respiration activity
Organ failure
Induces anaemia
fatigue
Lack of red blood cells
Malaria resistance
sickle cell creates protective barrier around blood cells
Malaria cannot penetrate into blood cell
Treatment
Blood transfusions
hydroxycarbamide
Produce faetal hemoglobin
Produce normal shaped red blood cells
Not affected by sickle cell