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(Grammatical problems of scientific and technical translation (Literal…

- - - - auxiliary verb (form questions and negatives in Pr Simple, Past Simple)
        
        In what respect do these errors differ? Чим же різняться ці помилки?
      - intransitive verb that replaces or refers to an ordinary verb that was in a previous clause or sentence
        
        Some of his followers went much further than he did in their attempts to make this field scientific.
      - ordinary verb translated as «робити», «здійснювати», «виконувати», «діяти», «чинити»
        
        The analysis may do this in either of two ways. – Завдяки аналізу це можна зробити одним із двох способів.
        This composition will do for our purposes. – Для наших цілей такої композиції буде достатньо.
      - emphatic verb:
        
        If this does occur - якщо це дійснно станеться
  - - - can be translated without any grammatical transformations.
        
        is associated with scientific, technical, technological or legal texts
    - - This is the phenomenon of diffraction. – Це – явище дифракції.
    - - A new element will be discovered sooner or later – Новий елемент буде відкрито раніше чи пізніше.
        Absolute form should be used instead of comparative adjectives
    - - While taking part in the discussion he advanced his famous theory. – Коли беручи участь у дискусії, він висунув його відому теорію (Саме під час цієї дискусії він висунув свою знану тепер теорію).
  - - - may be observed at the phonological, orthographic, lexical, grammatical (morphological & syntactic), stylistic, pragmatic levels.
    - - reasons
        
        absence of some grammatical categories: articles, gerunds, formal subject ‘it’ in Ukrainian (it is said).
        
        some information is not rendered by grammatical means
        Eng. Present Continuous (action happening the time of speaking) – Ukr. Is no grammatically expressed.
        
        some aspects of word collocations and functioning:
        
        Eng. collocations of the adjective “administrative”, ‘administrative efficiency” – Ukr. “ефективне управління”, but not as «адміністративна ефективність».
        
        means of rendering meaning might be different in different languages
        Eng. Sequence of tense is expressed via Past Perfect – Ukr. is rendered by lexical means (lexemes «раніше», «перед цим», «до цього»);
      - is the change of grammatical features of a word, word phrase or a sentence in translation.
      - types
        
        Transposition (перестановка, пермутація)
        
        is the rearrangement of words in the TLT
        
        the change of the word order in a word phrase/sentence
        rearrangement of clauses.
        
        1) Eng. theory construction - an attributive noun is in pre-position - Ukr. побудова теорії – an attributive noun is in post position
        
        Substitution (заміна)
        
        is the change of grammatical units in the process of translation:
        
        the grammatical form of a word:
        
        Much work has been done on the problem. – З цієї проблеми написано багато праць.
        Eng. Mr. Bush says (present tense) – Ukr - Буш заявив (past tense)
        
        the part of speech:
        
        Eng. The Ukrainian President - adjective – Ukr. Президент України – noun ‘України’
        Я мало їм. – I am a light eater.
        
        the parts of a sentence
        the syntactical function:
        
        Eng. The statement says - subject statement – Ukr. В заяві йдеться – adverbial modifier.
        This year has seen many great discoveries. – У цьому році відбулось багато великих відкриттів
        
        the number of sentences or clauses.
        
        Partitioning (членування)
        
        is breaking an original sentence into several parts (sentences) or
        replacing a simple sentence (in the original) with a complex one (in the translation:)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Integration (об’єднання, інтеграція)
        
        is combining 2 or more original sentences into 1 in the translation,
        or replacing a complex sentence in the ST with simple ones in the TT:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Addition (supplementation: додавання)
        
        rendering the meaning with the use of other words added to a context
        
        The mutual effect introduces a complex change. – Перехресний вплив призводить до появи комплексних поправок.
        
        Addition is used while translating
        nouns
        adjectives
        verbs,
        adverbs
        substantive adjectives
        word phrases
        
        (intricacies«складні проблеми та заплутані питання»),
        (recurrent«що періодично повторюється),
        (to solve«знаходити рішення»),
        (theoretically«у теоретичному плані»),
        (the intracellular «внутрішньоклітинне середовище»)
        (data rates«швидкість передавання даних»).
        
        Omission (вилучення)
        
        is a type of grammatical transformation when certain language units are left out:
        
        The explosion was terrible while it lasted. – Вибух був жахливим.
        
        Complex grammatical transformation (комплексна граматична трансформація)
        
        presupposes two or more simple grammatical transformations/
        simultaneous transposition, substitution and addition
        
        The motor was found to stop within 2 seconds. – Виявилось, що електромотор зупиняється впродовж двох секунд.
        що - addition
        was found - transposition
- - - - analitical - order of words and use of function words (article, auxiliary)
        (though all 4 grammatical means — word order, function words, grammatical inflections, intonation pattern — are found in any language).
  - - - synthetic - use of grammatical inflections (other grammatical means are also used but rarely)