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70 Year Old: Pneumonia (Pneumonia (Symptoms: (Shortness of breath…

- - - - Inspiration and Expiration
        
        Movement of air in and out of the lungs
        
        Volume Changes: lead to pressure changes
        
        Pressure Changes: Lead to flow of gases to equalize pressure
        
        Boyle's Law
        
        Inverse Relationship between pressure and volume of gas
        
        Gases always fill the container they are in
        
        if amount of gas is the same and container size is reduced, pressure will increase
        
        Volume Increase= Pressure decrease
    - - exchange of O2 & CO2 between lungs and blood
      - O2
        
        from lungs to the blood
      - CO2
        
        from the blood to the lungs
    - - O2 & CO2 in Blood
    - - Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood and tissues
      - CO2
        
        diffuses from the tissue cells to blood
        
        Tissue Cells use O2 and produce CO2 during cellular respiration
      - O2
        
        diffuses from blood to tissues
  - - - Nose is only external portion of Respiratory System
      - Functions:
        
        Inlet of air
        
        moistens and warms air
        
        Houses Olfactory Receptors
        
        Filters and Cleans inspired air
      - Two Regions
        
        External Nose
        
        Nostrils called Nares
        
        Nasal Cavity
        
        Mucus- secrets cells and serous cells
        
        Serous cells secrete watery fluid containing enzymes
        
        divided by midline : Nasal Septum
        
        Nasal Conchae
        
        mucosa covered projections that protrude medially from lateral walls
        
        Shape of Conchae help to ...
        
        Increase mucosal are
        
        Enhance air turbulence
        
        filter, heat, and moisten air
    - - Location:
        
        Frontal
        
        Sphenoid
        
        Ethmoid
        
        Maxillary Bones
      - Sinuses lighten up the skull
      - Help and moisture the air
    - - Nasopharynx
        
        Houses Pharyngeal tonsils
      - Oropharynx
        
        House Palatine and Lingual Tonsils
      - Laryngopharynx
      - funnel shaped muscular tube that runs from bases of skull to vertebrae C6
  - - - Vocal Cords
        
        Vocal Ligaments
        
        attack arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
        
        True Vocal Folds
        
        pearly white
        
        due to lack of blood vessels
        
        Glottis
        
        Opening between vocal folds
        
        Folds Vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
      - Epiglottis
        
        flap that covers the opening into the larynx during swallowing
        
        Elastic cartilage
      - attaches to hyoid bone
      - Opens into Laryngopharynx
      - Functions:
        
        Provides latent (open) airway
        
        Routes air and food into the proper channels
        
        Voice Production
        
        Houses the Vocal Cords
      - Vestibular Folds
        
        False Vocal Folds
        
        superior to vocal cords
        
        no part in sound production
        
        helps glottis close during swallowing
      - act as Sphincter to prevent air passage
        
        Valsava's Maneuver
        
        glottis will close to prevent exhalation
        
        abdominal muscle contract
        
        helps empty rectum or stabilizes trunk during heavy lifting
        
        Intra-abdominal pressure rises
      - Cricoid Cartilage: Ring shaped
    - - extends from the larynx into mediastinum
      - Mucosa
        
        lined with Ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium
        
        goblet cells
        
        Lamina Propia
      - Divide into Two main (Primary) Bronchi
      - Submucosa
        
        CT Tissue
        
        supported by 16 - 20 C-Shaped Rings
        
        prevents collapse of trachea
        
        Contains Seromucous Glands
    - - Air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli
    - - Conducting Zone
        
        cleanses, warms and humidifies air
        
        Trachea
        
        Right & Left Main (Primary) Bronchi
        
        Right Main Bronchus is larger and straighter
        
        More likely for a foreign object to travel this path
        
        Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
        
        Right: 3 and Left: 2
        
        each supplying one lung lobe
        
        Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi
        
        divide into smaller and smaller bronchi
        
        Bronchioles : less than 1mm in diameter
        
        2 more items...
        
        Terminal Bronchioles
        
        2 more items...
      - Respiratory Zone
        
        site of gas exchange by simple diffusion
        
        Respiratory Bronchioles
        
        Alveolar Ducts
        
        Alveoli
        
        Alveolar Sacs
        
        Clusters of alveoli
        
        Site of gas exchange
        
        Cells
        
        Type II Alveolar Cells
        
        2 more items...
        
        Type I Alveolar cells
        
        2 more items...
        
        Alveolar macrophages
        
        3 more items...
        
        Alveolar Pores
        
        connect adjacent alveoli
        
        2 more items...
        
        like a stem on top of a big bunch of grapes
- - - - Parietal Pleura
      - Visceral Pleura
      - Pleural fluid
        
        fills the pleural cavity between the Parietal and visceral Pleurae
        
        Provide lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
  - - - Cardiac Notch
        
        concavity for heart to fit into
- - - - Negative: less than P atm
      - Positive: More than P atm
      - Zero: equal to P atm
  - - - Usually a -4 mm Hg than P ul
      - if fluid accumulates Positive (P ip ) pressure will develop
        
        Lung will collapse
- - - - 500 ml for everyone
  - - - 2100-3200 ml
  - - - 1000-1200 ml
  - - - helps keep the alveoli open
      - prevent lung collapse
- - - - pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
      - Directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
  - - - Partial pressures = liquid phases
    - - Solubility of the gas
      - Temperature of liquid
- - - - Breathing may feel more difficult or shallow
  - - - to confirm the infection and to try to identify the germ that is causing your illness
    - - to look for the location and extent of inflammation in your lungs
    - - to measure the amount of oxygen in a blood sample taken from an artery, usually in your wrist
  - - - older people tend to have weaker immune systems
  - - - Heart Failure
        
        Due to the bacteria , it can invade heart muscles and cause damage
        
        cause death
      - can get too much carbon dioxide and not enough oxygen
      - higher risk of having a heart attack
    - - help fight off harmful bacteria and Viruses
      - If weak, you develop other complications like pneumonia
    - - As the body tries to fight an infection, weakness or muscle soreness may also occur
- - - - 5280 feet
      - colorado has the highest mean altitude of the 50 states
      - one mile high above sea level
    - - 653 feet
    - - Harder to breath