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Bone Health (What's Involved? (Fat-Soluble Vitamins (Vitamin K…

- - - - Toxicity
        
        can be caused by
        
        Supplements
      - Deficiency
        
        in
        
        Children
        
        causes
        
        Rickets
        
        which results in
        
        1 more item...
        
        Adults
        
        causes
        
        Osteomalacia
        
        which is where
        
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      - Food sources
        
        Animal foods
        
        Egg yolks
        
        Liver
        
        Fish and fish oils
      - Non food sources
      - enhances absorption of
    - - is required for
        
        Calcium mineralization in the bone matrix
        
        Synthesizes osteocalcin
        
        Deposits minerals
        
        Needed for normal bone function
        
        Calcium binding protein
        
        Blood clotting
        
        which is important for
        
        The production of proteins
        
        as it is needed for
        
        The production fibrin, a blood clotting protein
        
        Infants
        
        because
        
        It ensures proper bacterial growth in their GI tract which is initially sterile
      - may cause
        
        Deficiency
        
        in
        
        Infants
        
        which may be caused by
        
        Inadequate bacteria in the gut synthesizing this vitamin
        
        Low levels at birth and low levels in the breast milk
        
        Adults
        
        as a result of
        
        High intake of vitamin E leading to the risk of blood clotting
        
        Antibiotics taken by individuals with fat malabsorption disorders
      - rarely leads to
        
        Toxicity
        
        is unlikely from
        
        Food sources
        
        Which are usually non-toxic
        
        Can hinder the effects of anticoagulant drugs
        
        which can cause
        
        Brain damage
        
        Jaundice
        
        RBC hemolysis
      - is found in many
        
        Non-food sources
        
        Bacterial synthesis
        
        Supplements
        
        Food sources
        
        Liver
        
        Peas
        
        Beans
      - is stable in
        
        Food preparation
        
        Since it is resistant to
        
        Heat
        
        Moisture
      - Vitamin K needed for osteoblasts to produce osteocalcin, a Calcium-binding hormone made in osteoblasts
        
        promotes
        
        Calcium mineralization
        
        needed for
        
        normal bone formation
  - - - Fluoride
        
        Fluoride replaces hydroxyl group on hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate) crystals found in bones and teeth
        
        Creates stronger crystal
        
        supports
        
        Bone and teeth mineralization
        
        To protect against dental caries as it can prevent micro-lesions in adults
        
        Most effective before the gums have given way to the formation of teeth
        
        By creating a strong crystal known as fluorapatite (Ca10[PO4][F][OH]) which helps to combat acid decay
        
        may lead to
        
        Deficiency
        
        as a result of
        
        Living in an area with low fluoridated water
        
        this can lead to
        
        2 more items...
        
        as a result of
        
        A high sugar diet
        
        which may lead to
        
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        Food/drink sources
        
        Brewed tea
        
        Water
        
        Shellfish
        
        Non-food sources
        
        Chewing gum
        
        Mouth wash
        
        Toothpaste
        
        Toxicity
        
        may lead to
        
        Fluorosis
        
        which may cause development of
        
        White specks on the teeth
        
        Brown streaks on the teeth
        
        Molting
        
        which can be caused by
        
        Children ingesting toothpaste
    - - Calcium
        
        Toxicity
        
        can lead to
        
        Hyperparathyroidism
        
        which is
        
        Over production and secretion of the parathyroid hormone
        
        1 more item...
        
        Essential for bone formation and maintenance
        
        Calcium and Phosphate salts form hydroxyapatite crystals
        
        Provides strength and rigidity to bones
        
        Deficiency
        
        can cause
        
        Osteoporosis
        
        is affected by
        
        Age
        
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        Physical Activity
        
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        Body Weight
        
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        Smoking
        
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        Alcohol
        
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        Increased risk of fractures
        
        can be from decreased calcium absorption due to
        
        High fibre diets
        
        Polyphenols in coffee and tea (coffee can cause loss of 2-3 mg of Calcium)
        
        Phytic acids in whole grains and oxalic acid in vegetables
        
        Calcitonin, which opposes action of parathyroid hormone
        
        Excess sodium can pull calcium into the urine resulting in it being lost from the body
        
        is important for
        
        Nerve transmission
        
        Calcium flows in/out of muscle cells which stimulates muscle contraction/relaxation
        
        Blood clotting
        
        Formation of fibrin and clots
        
        Food Sources
        
        Milk
        
        Tofu
        
        Beans
        
        Non-Food Sources
        
        Supplements
        
        Maximum 500 mg calcium/dose
        
        Intakes greater than UL of 2500 mg/day
        
        can lead to
        
        Kidney stones or kidney failure
        
        Decreased absorption of other minerals (e.g. Magnesium, Iron)
        
        Soft tissue calcification
        
        Calcitriol raises blood Calcium levels by acting in three sites
        
        Intestines
        
        Transcellular absorption of calcium in the intestinal cells dependent on active Vitamin D
        
        Bone
        
        Activates osteoclast cells to release Calcium from bone into blood
        
        Kidneys
        
        Decreases calcium excretion
        
        High intakes of Calcium (usually from supplements) can interfere with absorption of
        
        Work together
        
        to
        
        form fibrin, a blood clotting protein
      - Phosphorus
        
        acts as an
        
        Intracellular anionic electrolyte
        
        to maintain
        
        Proper electrical and fluid balance
        
        Deficiency
        
        Unlikely, as phosphorus is plentiful in the diet
        
        Toxicity
        
        No true toxic effect
        
        Food Sources
        
        Animal products
        
        Meat
        
        Fish
        
        Poultry
        
        Milk
        
        Legumes
        
        Cereal, bran, nuts
        
        Non food sources
        
        None
        
        Is found free in the cells and bloodstream and acts as a buffer
      - Magnesium
        
        supports
        
        Bone and teeth
        
        by
        
        Replacing Calcium to form a mineral crystal structure of bone known as hydroxyapatite
        
        which
        
        Prevents the erosion of enamel, preventing the development of dental caries
        
        Helps store Magnesium in the body
        
        is used by
        
        Blood and tissues
        
        by inhibiting
        
        Blood clotting
        
        because it's required for
        
        Nerve transmission
        
        Prevents the contraction of muscles
        
        1 more item...
        
        Neurotransmitter activity
        
        by stabilizing
        
        ATP
        
        rarely leads to
        
        Toxicity
        
        which may be caused by
        
        Supplementing magnesium
        
        No known adverse health effects
        
        Pharmacological doses
        
        resulting in
        
        2 more items...
        
        Magnesium affects calcium balance indirectly because it is needed for the action of Vitamin D and production of parathyroid hormone
        
        Magnesium stabilizes high energy phosphate bonds in ATP
        
        Acts as an antagonist to Calcium in two ways:
        
        Magnesium blocks Calcium ion channels
        
        Inhibits muscle contraction
        
        Magnesium inhibits blood clotting therefore is the antagonist to the blood-clotting role of Calcium
        
        Magnesium needed for the mineral crystal structure in bone - can replace Calcium in hydroxyapatite
        
        Helps hold calcium in enamel in teeth, reducing dental caries
        
        low levels can slowly lead to
        
        Deficiency
        
        which causes:
        
        Loss of appetite
        
        Irregular heart beat
        
        Disorientation
        
        Weakness
        
        Involuntary muscle contraction
        
        at extremely low levels can lead to development of
        
        Tetany
        
        Involuntary contraction of muscles
        
        is caused by
        
        Extreme heavy perspiration over time
        
        Prolonged vomiting
        
        Alcoholism
        
        Use of diuretics
        
        Kidney Disease
        
        is found in several
        
        Food sources
        
        Legumes
        
        Tofu
        
        Nuts
- - - - Cortical
      - Trabecular
    - - organic matter (35%)
        
        Mostly protein, gives flexibility
      - include the major mineral crystal
        
        Hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO43-]6[OH]2)
      - are given strength and rigidity by
    - - Structural support
        
        for example in
        
        Jaw bone and teeth
        
        Muscles
        
        Organs
      - Functions
        
        manufacturing
        
        Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
        
        stores
        
        Nerves, cartilage, tissues
        
        Osteoid: mineral crystal in protein matrix
    - - Strong
      - Flexible
- - - - Calcitonin
        
        Inhibits Vitamin D activation
        
        Prevents Calcium reabsorption in kidneys
        
        Limits Calcium absorption in intestines
        
        Inhibits osteoclast cells from breaking down bone, preventing release of calcium
        
        Secreted when blood Calcium level rises, acts to lower it
        
        opposes action of
      - Parathyroid hormone
        
        Secreted when blood Calcium level falls, and acts to raise it
        
        activates vitamin D in the kidneys into
      - Calcitriol (Active form of Vitamin D)
        
        Stimulates Calcium reabsorption in kidneys
        
        Enhances Calcium absorption in intestines
        
        Stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone, releasing Calcium into the blood
    - - Blood Calcium levels
- - - - pDEXA
        
        Non-invasive, painless, screening and no diagnostic use
      - DEXA
        
        Gold standard, non-invasive, painless, quick, very low x-ray
      - Ultrasound