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Chapter 8 & 9 (8.1 (Metabolism (Metabolic Pathway (catabolic pathways,…

- - - - catabolic pathways
        
        anabolic
        
        Bioenergetics
        
        energy
        
        Thermodynamics
        
        entropy
        
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        1st law
        
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        2nd law
        
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        the capacity to cause change
        
        potential
        
        energy that isn't kinetic
        
        Thermal
        
        a form of kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules
        
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        kinetic
        
        energy associated with relative movement of objects
        
        chemical
        
        potential energy available from chemical reactions
        
        the study of energy flows through living organisms
        
        use simple molecules and fuels to make complex ones
        
        degradtive; breakdown complex molecules to simple ones and fules
      - certain molecules go through multiple steps to make a product
- - - - ^G=^H-T^S
- - - - activation energy
        
        enzyme substrate
        
        active site
        
        cofactors
        
        coenzyme
        
        competitive inhibitors
        
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        organic cofactor
        
        require nonprotein helper for cataytic activity
        
        restricted region where enzyme binds to substrate
        
        reactant an enzyme acts on
        
        forms enzyme-substrate complex
        
        initial investment of energy for starting reactions
      - bonding and breaking
- - - - feedback inhibitors
        
        metabolic pathways is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway
      - amplifies response of enzymes to substrates
- - - - cellular respiration
        
        redox reactions
        
        oxidation
        
        reduction
        
        glycolysis
        
        oxidation phosphorylation
        
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        occurs in the cytosol, begin degradation by breaking glucose
        
        addition of electrons from another substance
        
        loss of electrons from a substance
        
        oxidation reduction reactions(electron transfers)
        
        both anaerobic and aerobic processes
      - most efficient; oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel
        
        prokayotic and eukaryotic
- - - - Glucose, a six carbon sugar, into 2 three carbon chains
- - - - cytochromes
        
        chemiosmosis
        
        proton motive force
        
        force drives H+ back across membrane through the H+ channels provided by ATP synthesis
        
        energy compiling mechanism- energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient across membrane
        
        remaining electron carrier between ubibquione and oxygen are proteins
      - functioning as a metabolic furnace that further oxides organic
- - - - Obligate anaerobes
        
        Facultative anaerobes
        
        make atp to survive using fermentation or respiration
        
        carry only fermentation or anaerobic respiration
      - pyravate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2
    - - release carbon dioxide, converted into 2 carbon compounds acetaldehyde
      - acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol