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ch 8-9 (catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels (cells…
ch 8-9
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an organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
metabolism- is the collection of chemical reactions that occur in an organism.enzymes catalyze reactions in intersecting metabolic pathways, which may be catabolic (breaking down molecules, consuming energy). bioenergetics is the study of the flow of energy through living organisms.
energy is the capacity to cause change; some forms of energy do work by moving matter, kinetic energy is associated with motion and includes thermal energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules. heat is thermal energy in transfer from one object to another. potential energy is related to the location or structure of matter and includes chemical energy possessed by a molecule due to its structure
the first law of thermodynamics, conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. the second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous processes, those requiring no outside input of energy, increase the entropy (molecular disorder) of the universe.
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during oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
NADH snf FADH, transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. electrons move down the chain, losing energy in several energy-releasing steps. finally, electrons are passed to O2 reducing it to H2O
electrons transport chain, electron transfer causes protein complexes to move H+ from the mitchondrial matrix 9in eukaryotes) to the intermembrane space, storing energy as a proton-motive force (H+ gradient). as H+ diffuses back into the matrix through ATP synthase, its passage drives the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, called lation of ADP to form ATP, called chemiosmosis.
about 34% of the energy stored in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, producing a maximum of about 32 ATP
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