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70 Yr. old woman with a viral infection in her lungs (PHYSIOLOGY…
70 Yr. old woman with a viral infection in her lungs
Straining of the lungs
Vessels begin to tighten
Body tries to adjust
Less pressure, thin air, less O2
Took a trip to Denver, Colorado with high elevation
Respiratory system
Fluid build up in the lungs
Compromising your breathing
Shortness of breath
Breathing tightens
Suffocate
Pulmonary Edema
Build up of fluid in the lungs
Caused by Pneumonia
Due to weak immune system
Circulatory system
Alveoli fill up with fluid
Prevents O2 from being absorbed into bloodstream
Back up of blood in the heart
Less CO2
Pleurisy
Caused by fluid in the lungs
Inflamed pleura
Friction & stabbing pain
Hard to breath
Immune system
At her age her immune system is weak
Not liable to fight off infection
Pneumonia occurs
Build up of fluid in the lungs
PHYSIOLOGY
Systems
Immune system
First line of defense
Circulatory system
Transports nutrients, gases, and hormones; regulates temperature
Respiratory system
Acid/base water balance and gas exchange
Gas exchange
External respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
Expiration: gas extits lungs
Internal respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
Inspiration:Gas flow into lungs
Gas laws
Daltons law
Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas
Partial pressure
Pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
Henrys law
When a liquid is exposed to a mixed gas, the partial pressure of each gas at equilibriumis the same in the liquid as in the gas
Boyles law
Inverse relationshp between pressure & volume of a gas
Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
Postive: greater than P(atm)
Zero: equal to P(atm)
Negative: less than P(atm)
Ventilation: Exhaling and inhaling
Hypoventilation: Breathing too slow and shallow
Hyperventilation: Breathing too fast and deep
Hyocapnia: Decreased blood CO2 levels
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
Tidal volume
amount of air moved into and out lungs with each breath
Residual volume
Amount of air that always remains in lungs
Alveoli level
Alveoli picks up O2 when breathing in
Lets out CO2 when exhaling
Moves through blood vessels called capillaries in alveoli walls
Blood takes off O2
Gives off CO2 to alveoli
Diseases
Tachypenea
Abnormally rapid breathing
Pleurisy
Inflammation of pleura that often results from pneumonia
Pulmonary edema
Is a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs
This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. In most cases, heart problems
Serous membranes
Visceral pleura
Covers the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura
Outer covering of the membrane that attaches to the thoracic cavity
Pressures
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure in alveoli
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure in the pleura cavity
Always negative pressure (-4mm Hg)
Equal to P(atm)
Anatomy of lungs
Lower respiratory
Conucting zone: cleanses, warms, & humidifies air
Trachea
Brnchi
Larynx
Respiratory zone:Site of gas exchange
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Left
Cardiac notch: concavity for heart to fit into
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Right
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Hilum: site of entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Bronchi
Branches
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles: less than 1mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles: Less than 0.5mm in diameter
Primary bronchi: enteres hilum of lung
Trachea
Windpipe
Larynx
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Airways that lead to the trachea and the lungs
Carbon dioxide transport
Chemically bound to heme
As bicarbonate ions in plasma about 70%(HCO3-) in plasma
Dissolved in plasma
Oxygen tranport
1.5% is dissolved in plasma
98.5% is loosely bound to each Fe or hemoglobin in RBC's
Alveolar pores:
Equalizes aire pressure throughout lung
Provides alternate routes in case of blockages
Alveolar macrophages
Keep alveolar surfaces storie
Type 1 Alveolar cells: Single layer of squamous epithelium
Type 2 Alveolar cells: Scattered cuboidal & secrete surfactant
Surfactant
Lowers the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.
ANATOMY
Gas exchange
External respiration
Internal respiration
Inspiration
Expiration
Systems
Respiratory system
Immune sytem
Circulatory system
Gas exchange laws
Boyles law
Daltons law
Henrys law
Ventilation
Hyperventialtion
Hypoventilation
Hyocapnia
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Atmospheric pressure
Negative
Postive
Zero
Anatomy of Lungs
Lower respiratory
Alveoli
Lungs
Bronchi
Branches
Trachea
Larynx
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Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Primary
Left side
Superior/ inferior lobes
Cardiac notch
Right side
Superior, middle, & inferior lobes
Hilum
Carbon dioxide tranpsport
Oxygen transport
Alveolar macrophages
Alveolar pores
Type & type 2 Alveolar cells
Surfactant
Conducting zone
Trachea
Bronchi
Larynx
Respiratory zone
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Serous membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Diseases:
Pleurisy
Tachypenea
Pulmonary edema
Pressures
Intrapulmonary pressure
Intraplleural pressure
Tachypena
Fast breathing
Shallow breathing as well