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Behaviourist Approach (Weaknesses (Most research is on animals-…

- - - - Positive reinforcement- anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they happen
      - Negative reinforcement- anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they stop
      - Reinforcement- anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
      - Skinner- rats in a operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box) either electrocuted or given food when do behaviour
    - - UCS = UCR
        NS + UCS = UCR
        CS + UCS = UCR
        CS = CR
      - Pavlov- trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell
      - Several principles of classical conditioning:
        
        Generalisation - when a stimuli similar to the original CS (e.g. a bell with a different pitch) produces the CR (e.g salivating)
        
        Discrimination- when stimuli similar to the original CS don't produce the CR. This can be achieved by witholding the UCS (e.g food) when the similar stimulus is used
        
        Extinction- when the CR (e.g salivating) isn't produced as a result of the CR. This happens when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS (e.g. food) following it
        
        Spontaneous recovery- when a previously extinct CR is produced in response to the CS. This happens when the CS is presented again after a period of time during which it has not been used
        
        Higher order conditioning- when a new CS (e.g. a light) produces the CR because the animal associates it with the original CS. This can be achieved by consistently presenting the new CS before the original CS
      - Little Albert- the white rat experiment, scared of white rat as associate it with the sound of bell