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PHONOLOGY (DEFINITION (Study of speech sounds in a particular language. It…

- - - - We can explain the consonant sounds by the place where the articulation principally occurs or by the kinds of articulation that occurs there.
        
        BY REGION
        Glottal articulation - articulation by the glottis. This is /h/ in initial position in house or hope.
        Velar articulation - the back of the tongue against the velum. Initial hard /g/ (golf) and for final /ŋ/ (as in gong).
        Palatal articulation – front of the tongue on the hard palate. /dʒ/ (jam) and for /ʃ/ (sheep or sugar).
        Alveolar articulation - tongue blade on the alveolar ridge. /t/ (teeth), /d/ (dodo) /z/ (zebra) /n/ (no) and /l/ (light).
        Dental articulation – tip of the tongue on the back of the upper front teeth. /θ/ (think) and /ð/ (that).
        Labio-dental articulation – lower lip and upper front teeth. /v/ (vampire).
        Labial articulation – /b/ (boat) and /m/ (most). Bilabial articulation, two lips (English).
        
        BY MANNER
        
        FRICATIVES - restricting, but not completely stopping, the airflow.
        The air passes through a narrow space and the sound arises from the friction this produces. They can be voiced and unvoiced.
        Labio-dental voiced /v/ (as in vole) unvoiced /f/ (as in foal)
        Dental voiced /ð/ (as in those) unvoiced /θ/ (as in thick)
        Alveolar voiced /z/ (as in zest) unvoiced /s/ (as in sent)
        Palatal voiced /ʒ/ (the middle of leisure) unvoiced /ʃ/ (end of trash)
        
        AFFRICATES - stop consonant (expelled air causes friction rather than plosion).
        They are palatal /tʃ/ (cheat) and palatal /dʒ/ (jam)
        
        PLOSIVE CONSONANTS - Airflow is stopped and released in a burst.
        Bilabial voiced /b/ (boat) and voiceless /p/ (post)
        Alveolar voiced /d/ (dad) and voiceless /t/ (tap)
        Velar voiced /g/ (golf) and voiceless /k/ (cow)
        
        NASAL - closing the articulators but lowering the uvula, which normally closes off the route to the nose, through which the air escapes.
        Bilabial /m/ (mine)
        Alveolar /n/ (nine)
        Velar /ŋ/ (the end of gong).
        
        LATERAL - the air escapes at the sides of the tongue. Only one sound /l/ (lamp)
        
        APPROXIMANTS - do not impede the flow of air. They are all voiced but are counted as consonants, mainly because of how they function in syllables.
        Bilabial /w/ (water)
        Alveolar /r/ (road)
        Palatal /j/ (yet)
      - VOICING: All vowels must be voiced. They are caused by vibration in the vocal cords.
        Consonants may be voiced or not. Some of the consonant sounds of English come in pairs that differ in being voiced or not – in which case they are described as voiceless or unvoiced.