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A 34 year old patient diagnosed with AIDS (Background Information (Immune…
A 34 year old patient diagnosed with AIDS
Background Information
Immune system
Organs
Primary lymphoid organs
Organs where T and B cells formed and are mature
Thymus
Organ found in interior neck
Broken lobules contain outer cortex and inner medulla
Secondary lymphoid organs
Organs where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens and gets activated
Lymph nodes
Hundreds of nodes in body deep in connective tissue and near to body surface
Functions of Lymph nodes
Filters and cleanses the lymph
Activates the Immune system
Spleen
It is a blood rich organ located in abdominal cavity below stomach
White pulp
A site where immune functions takes place
Red pulp
A site where old blood cells are destroyed
MALT
Stands for Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid tissue in mucous membrane
Protects body from pathogens
Cells
Lymphocytes
Mature cells of immune cells
T cells or lymphocytes
Manage immune system and destroy infected cells
B cells or lymphocytes
Production of plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Lymphoid cells
Macrophages
Phagocytize substance that help activate T cells
Dendritic cells
Catch antigens and transfer to lymph nodes
Physiology of Immune system
Immune system provides resistance to disease, made up of two intrinsic system
Innate defense system
It is non-specific and constitutes of two layers of defense
First layer (surface barriers)
Skin and mucosae (the external body membrane)
Second layer (internal defenses)
Spread of invaders and is inflammation most important mechanism
Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
Adaptive defense system
It is specific and third layer of defense
Attacks particular foreign substances
Humoral immunity (B cells)
Cellular immunity (T cells)
Leukocytes
Those are basically white blood cells that fight diseases and have a nucleus
Granulocytes
Eosinophil
1% to 3% of leukocytes that moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic worms
Basophil
Less than 1% of leukocytes that releases heparin and histamine
Neutrophil
54% to 62% of leukocytes and first to arrive at infection
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Largest blood cell that is 3% to 9% of leukocytes and is elevated in typhoid fever, malaria and TB
Lymphocytes
25% to 33% of leukocytes that produce antibodies
Development, maturation and activation of lymphocytes
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
Non-exposed T and B cells to antigens called naive
Seed secondary lymphoid organs
Antigen encounter and activation
Clonal selection
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Maturation
Educated in primary lymphoid organs
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Proliferation and differentiation
After activation, lymphocytes makes army of more lymphocytes called clones
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Origin
Red bone marrow originates lymphocytes
Infections
Viral infections
It can not be completely cured and eliminated
Cold, measles, chicken pox and influenza
Bacterial infections
It can be treated and eliminated
It involves strep throat, TB and urinary tract infections
Virus
Lytic
The lytic cycle involves the reproduction of viruses with in a host cell
Stages of lytic virus
Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Maturation
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Lysogenic
The lysogenic cycle is a viral reproductive cycle in which viral DNA is added to host cell's DNA
Stages of lysogenic virus
Attachment
Entry and degradation of DNA
Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins
Assembly
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HIV and AIDS
HIV
It stands for human immunodeficiency virus
HIV infects human cells
It uses the energy and nutrients provided by the cells to grow and reproduce
It is virus that causes AIDS
AIDS
It stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
The immune system breaks down
It is unable to fight off infections
It causes illness to take advantage of the weakened immune system
Causes
Direct cause
It can directly be caused when a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body, lives and multiples primarily in white blood cells
Indirect cause
It can cause indirectly by infection and depletion of CD4+ T cells
Downstream effects
When HIV destroys this cell, it becomes harder for the body to fight off other infections
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It leads to fatigue, short breath, cough, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, fever and weight loss
When HIV advances it is called AIDS
If untreated with AIDS the patient will only live about 3 years, even less if they get a dangerous infection.
His immune system still works but it's does not work as active as before AIDS