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Introduction to psychology (Problem 8: Help (Social Dilemmas (Tit For Tat,…

- - - - S-R Theory
      - S-S Therory
      - Expectation Theory
  - - - Skinner box: operant-response conditioning
      - Puzzle bot: trial and error
- - - - Ponzo illusion : objects further away= larger
      - Muller- Lyer: 3D objects= larger
    - - Visual form agnosia
      - Visual object agnosia
        
        Clinical case ( in course manual) as an example
    - - Domain specifity hypothesis
      - Experties hypothesis
      - Composite face effect
      - Holistic processing (look at the whole)
      - Part whole effect (look only at faces)
- - - - Promoting it
        
        Accountability, Reputation and Reciprocity
        
        Norms of fairness and punishment of cheaters
        
        Identity
        
        Social identity
        
        Personal identity
    - - Theories
        
        Kin Selection theory
        
        Reciprocity theory of apparent altruism
        
        Help if have been helped in the past
        
        Not help if one fail to reciprocate it
    - - Cities
        
        Rural: More people help
        
        Urban: less likely to help
        
        Urban Overload hypothesis
      - Residential Mobility
        
        If resident: Help more
        
        If just moved in: Help less
      - Number of bystanders: The bystander effect
        
        No of People (+) Help (-)
        
        Process
        
        Emergency
        
        Notice it
        
        Interpret as emergency
        
        2 more items...
        
        Dont interpret: Pluralistic ignorance = No help
        
        Not notice: Distracted/ in a hurry = No help
  - - - Within group solidarity
      - Negative stereotyping of other group
      - Hostile between-group interactions
    - - Superordinate goals: achiveve through cooepration
  - - - My increase will have no significant impact on the whole
    - - One shot: cooperation is best
      - iterative games: Power of reciprocity
    - - first time cooperate
      - then, do what other did in his previous move
      - Why it is effective
        
        nice
        
        non exploitable
        
        forgiving
        
        transparent
    - - take money or contribute to a pool: More people take than contribute
  - - - Not all were eye witness
      - Police called after first attack
      - there were only two attacks
    - - Psychology presents paradigm of doing not knowing
- - - - Phineas Gage (prefrontal cortex)
        
        Struggles with decision making, social behavior
  - - - Coordination of movement
    - - Parietal
        
        Sensory input processing, Body orientation
        
        Somato-sensory area
      - Temporal
        
        Language comprehension, Hearing
      - Frontal
        
        Personality, Decision making, Speech production, Attention, Working memory
        
        Motor cortex area
        
        Prefrontal cortex
      - Occipital
        
        Vision
    - - Medulla
        
        Vital functions like breathing, heartbeat
        
        Switch between left-right parts mind-body
      - Midbrain
        
        Movement patterns, oriented behavior like eye movement
      - Pons
        
        Arousal, sleep regualtion
    - - Amygdala
        
        Survival emotions, preassessmemt of emontions
      - Hyppocampus
        
        Long-term memory, recognition of emotions
  - - - TMC
      - EEG
      - PET
      - DTI
      - fMRI
      - MEG
      - MRI
      - ERPs
  - - - Dendrites
      - Axons
        
        Muelin
      - Cell body
    - - Synapses
- - - - trait theory = specify set of personality dimensions that can be used to summarize the fundamental psy differences among people
        
        influence of DNA: Often adopted children are more like there biological siblings, same sex and age siblings are more likely to be contrasting --> parents identification
        
        Influence of gender expectations in western societies --> cultural expectations
        
        theories of personality: Orchid children; less stable and more fearful --> easier to influence. Lion children; less fearful --> less sensitive to parenting and less responsive to environment
      - factor analysis: 3 steps --> 1) collect data set of personality measures 2) extract adjectives that are strongly related 3) provide label for factors
        
        5 factor model: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness conscientiousness
        
        6 facets: anxious vs calm, depressed vs not, self conscious vs not, impulsive vs controlled, vulnerable vs secure, dont know the last one and if these belong to the 5 factor model or just one model???
  - - - nature vs nurture: holistic interactionism; n/n not exclusive, not just some of both --> genes decide on environmental manipulation
- - - - Timing
        
        Retrospective
        
        Perspective
      - Types
        
        Explicit
        
        Semantic
        
        Episodic
        
        Implicit
        
        Procedural memory
        
        Priming
        
        Perceptual learning
        
        Classical Conditioning
  - - - Memory consolidation
      - encoding specifity
    - - intentional vs. incidential
      - shallow and deep processing
      - primacy vs. recency effect
      - understanding
      - attention!
    - - Recalling
      - Recocnition
      - Retrieval Failures
        
        Forgetting
        
        intrusion errors
        
        schema
        
        semantic
        
        misinformation
        
        recollection
        
        familiarity
  - - - better rating of memory in general
      - better recall of words (inducing synaestesia
      - better at recalling colours
- - - - Theory of mind: social intelligence that focuses on normal or abnormal development of the ability to attribute thoughts or feelings to others ( Is different from empathy!!)->autistic and psychopaths don't have it
  - - - moral depends on language
      - 4 moral principles:1)intuitive; 2) moral thinking;3)morality binds and builds; 4) morality is about more than norms and fairness
- - - - Peripheral feedback theory
        
        james
      - cognition plus feedback theory
        
        schachter
      - common sense theory
    - - different approaches to explain jalousy
    - - excitation transfer (schachter)
        
        injection with adrenaline