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EIT Week 15- WW1 and Empire (Minority Rights (Of 500 petitions, only 14…
EIT Week 15- WW1 and Empire
France- 'force noir'
Britain- the Indian Army
The Global War- Africa, Middle East, Asia
A ‘white man’s war’? Race and the employment of non-white soldiers in combat
Veterans/Indigenous Societies
The African example
Military experience- a catalyst for anti-colonialism- West Indian experience
Limits of 'self-determination'
Mandate system
'B'- Tropical Africa
'C'- SW Africa/Pacific Islands
'A'- Arabs
Marginalisation of nationalists and anti-colonialists
1919 Paris Pan-African Congress and limits of black nationalism
Unwelcome visitors at Versailles- made case for independence of colonies
Dubois
Ho Chi Minh
Zionism- the Middle East and the Arab World- ‘a peace to end all peace?’
Sharif Hussein- the Hashemite dynasty and the ‘Arab Revolt’
Kurdistan- ethnic group with no sovereign state
Treaty of Sevres, 1920
Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Wilson’s 14th point- A League of Nations
1st League of Nations Assembly- Geneva- November/December 1920
20th League of Nations Assembly- Geneva- December 1939
New states ‘given a seat at the table’, including dominions like India
63 members at its peak
Relief programme for refugees
Pioneered international cooperation, including on scientific research
Policing of drug trafficking, slave trade
Unable to stabilise capitalism- no IMF- no World Bank
17 out of 63 states leave or are expelled e.g. Germany 1933- USSR 1939
Failed project of collective security
Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), 1935
Populations on the move
1922-1923 compulsory population transfer between Turkey and Greece
From 1921, mass migration to US no longer possible
Armenian Genocide- between 800,000 and 1.3 million killed
Russian Civil War
Decline of Ottoman Empire
Minority Rights
Of 500 petitions, only 14 were referred to the Council for discussion
November 1921- German minority in Western Poland protested the actions of the Polish State
If a minority was being discriminated against, a complaint could only be made by a member of the L of N Council
In retaliation, the Polish state stepped up its attacks
Fear of minority rights giving rise to ‘states within states’ (as with the Sudeten Government)
Britain and France weren’t willing to antagonise states like Poland- who were supposed first and foremost to be ‘buffer states’ guarding against the USSR (Soviet Union)
Not a universal system- no minority rights protection in Britain or France or other pre-existing states
Full equality before the law for ethnic minorities- including freedom of worship and language rights
Romania and Greece too- these weren’t new states but were forced to sign these agreements in return for their territorial enlargement
Treaty was a model for further agreements with Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
Minority Rights Agreement signed with Poland in June 1919
League of Nations -> UN
Minority rights -> Human rights
1945-6, largest single population movement in European history; between 10 and 12 million ethnic Germans forced westwards